论“欧盟航空减排指令”与国际法的冲突问题——欧洲法院司法审查的悖论

欧盟最近作出了暂停对进出欧盟机场的第三国国际航班实施“航空减排指令”的决定,一定程度地缓和了此前国际社会和欧盟之间的紧张局势。不过,欧盟仍然以欧洲法院关于“美国航空运输协会案”的裁决为“背书”,坚持其单边措施的合法性,并且不排除未来有继续实施的可能。虽然欧洲法院在“美国航空运输协会案”中曾裁定该指令并未违反国际法,但这一内部裁决并不能改变欧盟单边措施违反国际法的事实。根据欧洲法院的判例法,国际法要成为欧洲法院的司法审查标准需满足严格的限制条件。欧洲法院基于“内向型司法”的倾向,对《芝加哥公约》、《京都议定书》和国际习惯法规则进行了限制性解释,因而使国际法在“美国航空运输协会案”中被边缘化。欧洲法院维护了欧盟法的“自主性”,但损害了欧盟“尊重国际法”的宪法性目标和原则。因此,包括中国在内的国际社会成员在国际法上有充分理由抵制欧盟的单边航空减排措施。与此同时,国际民航组织应争取在年内就全球航空业的温室气体减排问题达成一个公平的解决方案,以避免欧盟重返单边主义。     

欧盟航空业碳减排规则的国际法分析

欧盟《2008年排放交易指令》规定,自2012年1月1日起,进出欧盟境内机场的所有航班排放的温室气体量都将被纳入欧盟温室气体排放交易体制。该项指令颁布伊始就受到国际社会的强烈质疑。本文首先针对该指令本身的架构,分析了它在规制主体的合法性、规制内容的合法性、规制方式的合理性以及规制的争端解决机制等方面存在的问题;其次,讨论了该指令与国际环境法规范、国际民用航空法规范、国际强行法规范的不兼容;最后,探讨了中国的应对立场与法律对策。     

论欧盟食品安全法中的风险预防原则:问题与前瞻

风险预防原则是指导欧盟食品安全立法和规制的一般法律原则。该原则与风险分析联系紧密,主要适用于风险管理阶段,为决策者作出预防性措施提供了法律依据。在欧盟内部实施时,风险预防原则在举证责任倒置、紧急情势下风险预防原则的扩大解释以及风险管理阶段其他合法因素的考量方面存在一定的法律争议。此外,在国际层面上,欧盟主张风险预防原则构成国际法一般法律原则或国际习惯法规则的主张并没有得到国际权威司法机构和第三国的支持。因此,欧盟应在进一步完善风险预防原则的同时,尽量避免预防措施构成对国际贸易的变相限制,以免引起国际法上的争议。     

欧盟对待域外经济制裁的政策转变及其背景分析

二战后,美国经常采用域外经济制裁以实现其外交政策目标.美国的域外经济制裁不仅针对受制裁国,而且还对第三国与受制裁国之间的经济交往进行限制,这违背了欧洲国家在传统上所坚持的国际法基本原则.欧共体和后来的欧盟出于自身外交政策的考虑,对美国的域外经济制裁进行了全方面抵制.1980年代的苏联天然气管道案和1990年代的《赫尔姆...     

宪法乎?条约乎?——对《欧盟宪法条约》的法理学分析

《欧盟宪法条约》在法理上具有两重性。一方面,欧盟宪法已经具备了主权国家宪法的一些属性,其功能超越了国际组织的章程,更接近主权国家的宪法;其形成过程带有一定的“民主性”;其形式和内容都具有主权国家宪法的一些特征。另一方面,欧盟宪法本质上仍然没有脱离国家间条约的范畴,欧盟制宪的目的不是建立一个新型的主权国家,宪法产生的基础和程序仍然是国家间的合意,具体内容也更多地体现了国际组织章程的性质。欧盟宪法的两重性是由欧洲一体化发展的现实状况决定的,是欧盟在面对主权障碍时妥协折中的产物。欧盟条约的宪法化对国际组织法、区域国际法乃至整个国际法的发展都有着重要意义:它开国际组织宪章宪法化之先河,为国际组织法律化提供了思路和模式;其规定大大超出了一般区域国际法的基本规范,为其他区域一体化组织的发展提供了借鉴,推动了区域国际法的发展和创新;欧盟宪法的产生开创了一个民族国家体系与超国家治理并存的新时代,对走向全球治理的国际法也必将产生重大影响。     

《里斯本条约》与欧盟成员国国际投资保护协定的欧洲化

欧盟成员国各自签订了大量的国际投资保护协定,这些协定与欧盟法之间存在冲突,欧盟一直致力于解决该冲突,使这些协定和欧盟法逐渐统一。《里斯本条约》的通过和生效将极大地促进欧盟成员国国际投资保护协定的欧洲化。为此,欧盟一边努力将其成员国现有双边投资保护协定是否继续有效、成员国是否有权和第三国谈判签订新的双边投资保护协定的问题都纳入自己的控制范围,一边积极行使自己的新权能与第三国进行双边投资条约的谈判。     

论欧盟宪法公投的失败

于2005年5月29日,法国作为第一个欧盟成员国,以公投方式近55%的投票率反对主要由前任法国总统拟定的欧盟宪法;后三天,于6月1日荷兰也跟进,以公投方式用将近62%的投票率反对欧盟宪法.这结果震撼了欧盟其它国家.到底法国人的反对是反对欧盟宪法还是反对其无法反映法国人身为欧洲人的忧虑与价值观?     

欧盟的规制性贸易议程及其对世界贸易组织的实施诉求

近年来,欧盟越来越寻求在世界贸易组织(WTO)框架下就投资、竞争、环境和劳工等领域达成规制性(regulatory)协定。欧盟为什么选择WTO而非其他国际组织来寻求规制性目标以满足这些新需求呢?本文提出两条原因:第一,国际贸易谈判中议题的关联性已由单一的市场准入权互换向市场准入权与规制互换转变。内部民意的多样性以及决策达成共识的需要,使得欧盟特别依赖于这种广泛的议题关联性。第二,WTO的司法化及实施交叉报复的可能性加强了其承诺的可信度,相应提高了该组织在跨政策领域实行关联议题谈判的吸引力。本文将揭示这两条原因如何促进了欧盟将规制性议题提上多哈发展回合议程的努力。     

论《里斯本条约》后欧盟外交的一致性——历史制度主义的分析

欧盟外交一致性的缺乏已广为研究学者和政治家诟病。为增强外交政策的一致性,欧盟通过了《里斯本条约》,创设了外交事务与安全政策高级代表,并随后建立欧洲对外行动署辅助高级代表工作。新职位和新机构的建立能否如期增强外交一致性?本文以历史制度主义为视角,结合巴尔默分析框架中的治理机制概念,对条约改革的影响进行学理分析,进而从比较公共政策的视角,探讨欧盟外交可能继续面临的三个方面的冲突。最后,文章认为,改革后的欧盟外交政策制度框架将会变得更为复杂,政策一致性难以得到真正意义上的提升,但新制度对成员国利益和价值塑造的长期影响不容忽视。     

International Organisations and the Evolution of Humanitarianism: Cross-perspectives on the Commonwealth and the European Union

Abstract

As international relations actors in the post-Second World War world, international organisations have played a significant role in the standardisation of global policy concepts during the 20th century, and humanitarian assistance has been no exception. While the study of the role of international organisations in shaping a dominant model of humanitarian aid has recently gathered pace, few historians have focused on different, less successful models and interpretations developed by other international organisations. Recently declassified Commonwealth Secretariat records show that discussions within the Secretariat and among member states regarding the potential objectives and scope of Commonwealth humanitarian assistance programmes took place as early as the 1960s, and continued throughout the following decades. This article provides an overview of the origin and evolution of the Commonwealth’s approach to humanitarian assistance since the 1960s. Its objective is to document this hitherto little known aspect of Commonwealth assistance policies, and, based on an initial literature and archival survey, to contribute to the identification of further research questions and gaps in this aspect of Commonwealth history. Although they are very different in nature and scope, the Commonwealth and the European Union share at least one common feature in so far as humanitarian assistance is concerned, namely their difficulty in reaching a consensual definition of it. By exploring the links and discrepancies between, as well as within, each organisation’s approach to humanitarian assistance, and by examining the initiatives of some of their member states, this paper seeks to highlight the plasticity of the definition of humanitarian assistance.     

Evaluating UNMIT's Contribution to Establishing the Rule of Law in Timor-Leste

Timor-Leste began the democratic transformation process in the beginning of this century with a heavy past legacy of external domination. Since then, it has been experiencing many difficulties in its path towards democracy especially in what concerns one critical issue: the respect for the rule of law. Focusing on two important pillars of the rule of law—justice and security—this paper seeks to understand why has been so difficult to establish the rule of law in Timor-Leste.

The article initially provides a generic picture of the rule of law as an important dimension of the United Nations peacekeeping operations. It also aims to outline the United Nations Integrated Mission in Timor-Leste (UNMIT) capacity in strengthening the processes of peacebuilding and reforms in Timor-Leste, as well as on ensuring the credibility and integrity of institutions, such as the courts and the national police, which are serious challengers to the country's future. It concludes by providing some thoughts that can help to determine whether Timor-Leste is ready to look after its own security after 2013.     

冷战后欧盟、北约对俄罗斯战略的比较研究

冷战后随着欧洲政治安全格局的变化,欧盟、北约对俄罗斯的战略也实现了根本性的转变.通过对比分析欧盟、北约对俄罗斯的政治认同战略、伙伴关系战略、延伸稳定战略,可以发现两者对俄战略的一般规律,即都通过政治对话提升伙伴关系,通过吸收新成员国实施空间上的扩张,通过参与欧洲周边地区及国际重大事务来提升其国际影响力.从差异来看,欧盟表现为强经济,弱防务;而北约则表现为强防务,弱经济.     

'Concentric Circles' at the Periphery of the European Union

After World War II when the governments of several European states attempted to form supranational groupings, colonial obligations posed problems that persist to this day. The article traces immediate postwar history, outlining the present relationship between the EC institutions and what remain of member-state Empires, before proceeding to two case studies. The first concerns the ramifications of 'Euroland' in present or past dependencies after European Monetary Union. The second considers the role of European dependencies in military alliances and analyses how one of the founding Treaties was used in the mid-1990s after the discovery that it applied extra-territorially. The conclusion is that the external border of multi-speed Europe is even more variable than it might otherwise be because of the attachments some member states retain to colonial remnants.     

东盟与欧盟关系三十年评析

东南亚国家联盟(东盟)在其发展过程中,非常重视与欧洲联盟(欧盟)的联系与合作.2007年是东盟建立40周年和欧盟成立50周年,同时也是这两个区域合作组织正式建立关系30周年,回顾和展望东盟与欧盟之间关系的发展具有特别的意义.30年来,东盟与欧盟的关系虽然经历过诸多曲折,但基本上是处于不断调整和加强的状态.特别是随着冷战结束后世界经济全球化和区域经济合作进程的加快,东盟与欧盟关系在共同利益的驱动下,正在步人一个新的阶段.本文拟回顾东盟与欧盟30年来双边关系的发展历程,探讨东盟与欧盟关系发展的特点,并对东盟与欧盟关系今后的发展前景做出一些分析和判断.     

Public Opinion Toward the European Union in Georgia

Georgia's association with the EU has become closer in recent years through foreign policy instruments including the European Neighborhood Policy, the Eastern Partnership, and the Black Sea Synergy. Against the background of this increasing formal cooperation, public opinion toward the European Union in Georgia is examined on the basis of a nationally representative survey conducted in 2009. Regression modeling is used to relate attitudes toward the EU to explanatory factors including support for continued European integration, expectations of benefits from Europeanization, political beliefs, perceptions of national security and territorial integrity, and attitudes toward Russia.