2008年中国法治亮点巡礼

2008年，是中国法治进程稳步推进和稳健发展的一年，也是法治亮点频频闪现的一年。2008年的立法景观依然多姿多彩，科学立法、民主立法继续推进，公民对立法工作的有序参与进一步扩大，已出台的十一届全国人大常委会立法规划值得人们期待。此外，实施不久的《政府信息公开条例》、全面开展的监狱体制改革，以及此起彼伏的问责风暴等都是值得我们关注的法治亮点。     

中国法治备忘录——2007年中国法治亮点巡礼

2007年,是中国法治建设又好又快发展的一年，也是法治中国与和谐社会交相辉映的一年。特别值得指出的是，党的十七大报告对中国特色社会主义法治建设作了全面的部署，明确提出了“全面落实依法治国基本方略，加快建设社会主义法治国家”的要求。     

溺死法医学鉴定的研究新进展

综述了近年来在硅藻检验、水中浮游生物叶绿素（A）检测、血液化学和组织化学检验等方面的最新文献报道,并对各种溺死检验方法的优缺点进行了评价：在硅藻检验中,硝酸乙醇法、破机罐法及微波消解法,可缩短检验时间,提高办案效率;酶消化法及PCR法硅藻检出率高,适用于可疑水样中硅藻密度低等情况。早期器官组织中浮游生物叶绿素（A）、血液和组织中其他生化指标,可作为鉴定溺死的重要参考。微量元素锶检测可用于鉴定海水中溺死。另外,硅藻及其他浮游生物遗传多态性片断PCR,可望成为新的、灵敏的溺死检测方法。     

承运人迟延交付赔偿责任辨析

本文主要根据《海商法》,同时结合《民法通则》的有关规定 ,就承运人迟延交付赔偿责任构成的要件 ,责任范围 ,责任限制 ,及责任的免除等方面对海运承运人迟延交付法定见赔偿责任进行分析。     

德国表见证明理论在医疗诉讼证明责任分配中的运用

医疗纠纷诉讼中医患双方处于"武器"不对等状态。因此,如何从诉讼上对此加以救济首当其冲。我国《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》从证明责任倒置的角度加以平衡。然而此规定既与《民法通则》相关规定相左,又和他国立法经验有别。德国在医疗诉讼中所采用的表见证明理论可供我国未来立法所借鉴。     

The politics of abortion in the House of Representatives in 1976

The discussion in the U. S. Congress preceeding the passage of the 1976 Hyde Amendment, prohibiting the use of Medicaid funds for abortions, was described and the results of a multivariate analysis of the factors influencing the votes on the amendment in the House of Representatives were presented. Between June 24-August 10, 1976 there were 3 roll call votes on the amendment in the House of Representatives and during this period support for the amendment increased from 54%-69%. Multiple classification analysis was used to analyze the relative influence of 11 independent variables on the voting behavior of the representatives. The 11 variables included 1) the age, educational level, sex, and religious affliation of the representative; 2) the representative's party affliation, degree of constituent support, and previous voting record on liberal issues; and 3) the average income, racial composition, geographical location, and the % of urban residents in the representative's district. The factor which served as the best indicator of the representative's vote on the amendment was the representative's previous voting record on liberal issues. Those with more liberal voting records tended to vote against the amendment and those with more conservative voting records tended to vote for the amendment. The 2nd best predictor of amendment votes was the religious affliation of the representative. Catholic representatives, compared to Protestant and Jewish representatives, were more likely to support the amendment. Geographical location of the representative's district was a moderate indicator of the representative's vote on the amendment. Representatives from the south were more likely to support the amendment. The degree of constituent support for the representative in his own district was also a moderate indicator of the representatives vote on the amendment. The 11 factors together accounted for 1/3 of the votes.     

Identification of alprazolam in hair in two cases of drug-facilitated incidents

The use of a drug to modify a person's behaviour for criminal gain is not a recent phenomenon. However, the recent increase in reports of drug-facilitated crimes (sexual assault, robbery) has caused alarm by the general public. Among the drugs that can be used, alprazolam (Xanax), an anxiolytic benzodiazepine, has been seldom observed. To document two cases involving this drug, we have developed an approach based on hair testing by LC-MS/MS. After pH 8.4 buffer incubation and extraction with methylene chloride/diethyl ether (80/20, v/v), hair extracts were separated on a XTerra MS C18 column using a gradient of acetonitrile and formate buffer. Alprazolam and diazepam-d5, used as internal standard, were detected by electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. In the first criminal case, alprazolam tested positive in two consecutive 2 cm hair segments at 4.9 and 2.4 pg/mg, from a 12-year-old girl, assaulted by her father who had sedated her three or four times. In the other case, alprazolam was detected in four consecutive 1cm hair segments at 3.1-0.4 pg/mg, obtained from an adolescent who had been forced to prostitute herself.     

我国医疗损害诉讼举证责任分配

举证责任分配问题是整个医疗损害诉讼的核心问题,它关系到原被告双方在诉讼中各自承担哪些举证责任。我国医疗损害责任举证规则经历了一个变迁过程,根据现行法律法规规定,本文试图从医疗损害责任构成要件、过错推定情形、免责情形以及一些特殊的医疗侵权责任情形的角度,分析原被告双方在医疗损害诉讼中各自需要承担哪些举证责任,从而明确我国的医疗损害诉讼举证责任分配的基本原则,以期达到公正客观解决医疗纠纷的目的。     

数字虚拟切片技术在武汉市中心城区水域春季硅藻调查中的应用

目的建立武汉市中心城区水域春季的硅藻形态及相对构成比数据库。方法2012年3、4月期间,在武汉市中心城区的主要河流、湖泊、公园水域中共选取32个采水点并进行水样采集,利用数字虚拟切片工作站（OLYMPUS-DotSlide）采集图像,对硅藻进行种属鉴别和计数。结果共检见14种硅藻藻属,各水域所含硅藻种类及相对构成比有所差异。结论本研究结果提高了硅藻的阳性检出率、计数的准确率以及溺死诊断的效率,可为溺死案件中相应水域的硅藻比对提供基础检测平台,为溺死地点的推断提供依据。     

我国网络空间中的言论自由

网络空间中的言论自由具有较传统言论自由更高的价值,因此在对其进行规制的时候也应更为谨慎。然而我国在规制网络言论自由的时候不仅存在立法层级不高的问题,而且采取了比规制传统言论自由更加严厉的做法。要改变这种现状,就必须在改变立法理念、完善立法技术的基础上,以法律的形式对网络言论进行规范。     

我国医疗损害诉讼举证责任分配

举证责任分配问题是整个医疗损害诉讼的核心问题,它关系到原被告双方在诉讼中各自承担哪些举证责任。我国医疗损害贡任举证规则经历了一个变迁过程,根据现行法律法规规定,本文试图从医疗损害责任构成要件、过错推定惰形、免责情形以及一些特殊的医疗侵权责任情形的角度,分析原被告双方在医疗损害诉讼中各自需要承担哪些举证责任,从而明确我国的医疗损害诉讼举证责任分配的基本原则,以期达到公正客观解决医疗纠纷的日的。     

顶空气相色谱法测定血液中乙醇不确定度的评估

目的 评估血液中乙醇测定结果的不确定度。方法 用顶空气相色谱法测定血液样本中乙醇质量浓度,从测定程序分析测量不确定度的来源,计算测定结果的不确定度。结果 血液样本中乙醇质量浓度两次测定平均值为1.00mg/mL,扩展不确定度为0.02 mg/mL。结论 血液中乙醇测定结果的不确定度主要来源于平行测定的误差。     

Role of alcoholization in pathogenesis of morphological changes in substance abusers

Morphological manifestations of combined intoxication with ethanol and narcotics are described. Special attention is paid to changes in the liver which were studied both qualitatively and quantitatively. Specific features in the pathological processes concomitant with combined intoxication are described; high incidence and expression of morphological markers of alcoholism in subjects abusing both ethanol and narcotics in comparison with "pure" alcoholics were determined. These features can be used in forensic medical and pathological (autopsy) diagnosis of chronic narcotic intoxication and its combination with alcoholism.     

Tensions in the Regulation of Abortion in Britain

This article discusses policy and practice in abortion provision, paying particular attention to the provision of counselling before abortion. It discusses the way the Abortion Act 1967 constructs the woman seeking abortion, the reasons for the development of a policy about abortion counselling in the 1970s, and that policy's relationship to the assumptions about women underlying the statute. The ways in which policy has developed since 1977 are considered, and how policy and practice have come to view women seeking abortion in a way that contrasts with the construction of them that emerges from the law. Thus, the article argues, given that the 1967 Act and other rules that regulate abortion provision seem to rest on contradictory assumptions, the law should be reformed in line with policy and practice.     

现代买卖法瑕疵概念的考察

现代买卖法之瑕疵担保责任规则应当将瑕疵概念作为出卖人责任的法律技术连结点,同时扩展瑕疵概念内涵,使其在性能协议的基础上,补充适用辅助性的兜底规则,以此将瑕疵安装、异类物交付和过少交付一并纳入到瑕疵概念之下。保留权利瑕疵的概念,但相应地适用物之瑕疵规则,以此实现法律效果方面的统一。无论物之瑕疵还是权利瑕疵,均统一地以危险移转为准据时点,也就是通常以交付为准据时点。     

Significance of anastomoses in the lung in microembolism

The importance is demonstrated of anastomoses between the pulmonary artery and the bronchial artery as well as of the arteriovenous anastomoses that arise from these in microembolism. In cases of air embolism, microembolism in the lungs is seldom. Therefore, there must be particular circumstances that make it possible for little air bubbles to pass the anastomoses from the pulmonary artery via the bronchial artery and the arteriovenous anastomoses into the bronchial vein. The pressure in the bronchial artery must decrease. Under these conditions, blood is shunted from the pulmonary artery to the bronchial artery and little air bubbles can pass via the above-mentioned anastomoses into the pulmonary vein.     

行政诉讼确认无效判决三题

《若干解释》第 57条第 2款确立的行政诉讼确认无效判决制度在以下方面值得讨论 :第一 ,确认对象。确认无效判决须以业已成立的行政行为为对象 ,确认行政行为依法不成立在一定程度上是自相矛盾的 ;第二 ,与判决撤销的关系。一般应当作模糊处理 ,只有当原告要求宣告无效或者在常规诉讼时限之外起诉时 ,法院才有必要严格区分“无效”与“可撤销” ;第三 ,举证责任。“无效”的举证责任 ,应当由原告承担。     

我国侦查阶段律师辩护制度之完善

辩护权在犯罪嫌疑人、被告人各项权利中,居于核心的地位。应当说,刑事诉讼的文明史就是辩护权的发展史。由于律师辩护对于被追诉人权利保障的重要性,世界上发达国家已将律师的辩护权从审判阶段扩展到侦查阶段。我国1996年修改的《刑事诉讼法》也规定了律师有权介入侦查程序并享有一定的诉讼权利,但是在立法上和司法实践中还存在诸多问题。     

我国行政诉讼应确立合理性审查原则

在现代行政诉讼中 ,法院从偏重对行政行为的形式合法性审查 ,发展到对形式合法性与实质合理性的审查相融合 ,合理性审查原则得以逐步确立。为履行加入WTO后所承担的法律义务、有效控制行政自由裁量权、实现实质法治 ,我国行政诉讼制度应当从目前的合法性审查原则向兼顾合法性与合理性的审查原则转变。确定合理性审查原则的范围 ,除需确立合理的实体标准外 ,还需要完善司法制度。