美国反垄断思想的新发展--芝加哥学派与后芝加哥学派的比较

本文从四个方面比较了芝加哥学派与后芝加哥学派在反垄断思想上的差异。第一 ,市场机制能否调节市场失灵 ,或者说市场经济是否需要反垄断法的干预 ?第二 ,反垄断法究竟是以促进经济效率为首要目标还是以保护消费者福利为首要目标 ?第三 ,现实中厂商是否存在掠夺性定价 ?第四 ,纵向约束是否妨碍竞争 ,如何妨碍竞争 ?另外 ,文章还提供了反映美国反垄断政策从芝加哥学派向后芝加哥学派转变的一些经典案例。     

New drug and antibiotic regulations--FDA. Proposed rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is proposing to revise its regulations governing the approval for marketing of new drugs and antibiotic drugs for human use. FDA is taking this action to improve the efficiency of the agency's drug approval process and to improve the agency's dealings with applicants for marketing approval of new drugs and antibiotic drugs, while still maintaining the high level of public health protection the drug approval process now provides. The improvements will help applicants prepare and submit higher quality applications and permit FDA to review them more efficiently and with fewer delays. This will benefit consumers through earlier availability of drugs and benefit applicants by permitting earlier marketing of new drugs and antibiotics. This action is one part of a larger effort by FDA to review all facets of the agency's drug approval process.     

Homicides in Auckland, New Zealand. A 14-year study.

In the 14-year period from 1976 to 1989, there have been 174 homicide victims in the Auckland colonial area. Data accessed from autopsy and police reports show that victims of marital conflict, family dispute, and arguments developing between nonmarried couples made up the largest proportion of homicide cases. Stabbing and assault with a blunt weapon were the most common causes of death. The data also show that homicide is relatively uncommon in Auckland in comparison with other cities of similar size.     

美国版权间接侵权制度的新发展——MGM v．GROKSTER，LTD．，ET AL案述评

2005年6月27日,美国联邦最高法院对一件经过两审的版权间接侵权案件--MGM v.GROKSTER,LTD.,ET AL做出判决,这是继1984年著名的Sony案之后,联邦最高法院又一次就版权间接侵权做出判决的案件,该案的判决对我们理解版权间接侵权制度在美国的最新发展具有十分重要的意义.     

New technology and new initiatives in U.S. workplace testing

A current perspective of workplace drug testing in the USA is presented covering three major issue areas: (1) epidemiology, (2) new technology and (3) initiatives to reach out and assist small business. First, national illegal drug-use self-reported survey data is compared with national laboratory drug testing results, illustrating a number of inconsistencies. During the 17-year period (1988-2004) the number of laboratory positive test results has decreased by 66% while during the same period self-reported drug-use has increased by 30%. The lack of concurrence between lab results and self-report surveys are examined in light of the typical panel of drugs being tested in U.S. laboratories, the increased specificity of immunoassay screening tests, and the critical issues of adulteration and substitution. Second, a brief review of the state-of-the-science in rapid point-of-collection (POCT) oral fluid drug-testing devices is presented along with some device evaluation findings. In general the window of drug detection in oral fluid is measured in hours. Most of the available oral fluid POCT devices can detect methamphetamine and amphetamines and opiates very well. The ability to detect cocaine appears to vary significantly across devices, while the ability to detect cannabis use is generally poor across all devices. Finally, efforts to reach out and assist small businesses in the development of workplace anti-drug programs are discussed in the context of increasing workplace programs in the European Union.