Chapter 10: International Child Custody and Abduction Cases

This chapter will familiarize judges in the U.S. with the state and federal law applicable to international child custody, visitation and abduction disputes. These laws are UCCJA s? 23, the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (Hague Convention), and the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (ICARA). When a custody order from a foreign country is presented for recognition and enforcement, UCCJA § 23 controls. If notice and opportunity to be heard were given to all affected persons, state courts are to enforce foreign custody decrees. When a petition is filed seeking the prompt return of a child to another country based on allegations that the child's removal or retention was wrongful, the Hague Convention and ICARA govern. If the child's removal or retention is wrongful within the meaning of the Convention, and no exceptions to return are proved, a court in the U.S. must order the child's return forthwith. A return order is not a decision on the merits of custody.     

Accumulation of explosives in hair--part II: factors affecting sorption

This study examines the sorption of eight explosives (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene [TNT]; pentaerythritol tetranitrate [PETN]; hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-s-triazine [RDX]; diacetone diperoxide [DADP]; triacetone triperoxide [TATP]; ethylene glycol [EGDN], nitroglycerin [NG]; and 2,4-dinitrotoluene [DNT]) to human hair. The study uses only cut hair, which is exposed to explosive vapor. The vapor transfer studies reported herein indicated that hair did not reach saturation even after 2.5 years of exposure to TNT. While previous studies showed black hair sorbed more explosive than blond or brown, this study reports that red hair sorption is similar to black, while grey hairs, exposed along with black hair from the same individual, sorbed significantly less explosive than the same individual's black hairs. In a study using only black hair, a slight racial bias was observed with sorption greater for Mongoloid hair as compared to Caucasian or Negroid. Only for Mongoloid hairs were enough samples studied to examine for a gender bias, but one was not observed. There was much variability in results in all categories (hair color, race, and gender) that trends were established only in general terms. Hair at different ages was tested for a few individuals. Detailed studies focused on the sorption of TATP and TNT as these appear to be sorbed most differently-TATP mainly on the hair surface and TNT both on the surface and in the cortex. The uptake of high vapor pressure explosives (e.g., TATP) and moderate vapor pressure explosives (e.g., TNT) by hair was rapid and could be detected within about 1 h of exposure. Both explosives were readily sorbed by pure melanin.     

Chapter 14: Encephalitis

Encephalitis is infectious inflammation of the brain. The following types may be provisionally distinguished: (a) primary encephalitis with direct infection of the brain, and (b) secondary encephalitis, caused by various general infections.     

Chapter 11: Epilepsy

Epilepsy is a disease whose chief symptoms are seizures and other convulsive disorders of neuropsychopathic activity, predominantly in the form of disorders of consciousness. In an adversely progressing illness, changes in the personality and intellect arise, forming the peculiar picture of epileptic dementia.     

Chapter 1: Introduction

This chapter provides an overview of the statutes that are the subject of this book-the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act (UCCJA), the Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act (PKPA), the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (Hague Convention) and the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (ICARA).     

Chapter 21: Psychopathy

Psychopathy is a pathologic state characterized by a disharmony primarily in the emotional and volitional aspects of the personality in which the intellect remains relatively intact.     

Chapter 10: Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a mental disease often encountered by both general and forensic psychiatrists.     

Chapter 16: Cerebrovascular Diseases

Mental disorders of vascular origin are observed chiefly in cerebral atherosclerosis and hypertension.     

Chapter 22: Reactive States

Reactive or psychogenic states are temporary and reversible disorders of mental activity arising as a reaction to mental trauma, which, relevant to forensic psychiatry, may be an experience associated with the offender's crime, his imprisonment, or the conditions of the investigation.     

Chapter 6: Modification Jurisdiction

This chapter explains the rules governing modification jurisdiction, focusing on the exclusive continuing jurisdiction provision of the federal Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act (PKPA), 28 U.S.C. 1738A(d). In every interstate child custody case where modification of an existing custody decree is at issue, courts should determine the effect of the PKPA's exclusive continuing jurisdiction rule on the exercise of jurisdiction. Have counsel address the applicability of the PKPA either orally or in a brief.     

Chapter 12: Manic-depressive Psychosis

Manic-depressive psychosis is a disease that occurs in the form of attacks of manic and depressive states or phases between which the patient reverts to normal. The alternation of phases may vary both in frequency and in form. Some patients may have rare attacks, whereas in others the attacks are frequent. Sometimes the manic and depressive states occur in regular sequence; in other cases, only manic or only depressive states may occur.