监狱精神病罪犯问题及法律规制

对精神健康问题的关注程度标志着一个国家文明程度的提升,相应地对精神病人的刑事处遇政策也体现了一个国家刑事法治的发达水平,目前,监狱精神病犯人数有所增加,对这些特殊人群的关爱和保障要尽快提上议事日程,应当结合监狱的具体实际,建立罪犯服刑能力鉴定机制,强化“司法审查关”;构建强制治疗程序,发挥其防卫社会、治疗疾病和保障人权的功能;在监狱系统设立专门的精神病医院或监区,以维护监狱安全和保障罪犯权利。     

A comparison of rape and molest offenders in prison psychiatric treatment

Differences in offense history, brain functioning, and psychological functioning of rape (n = 45) and molest offenders (n = 15) who were receiving psychiatric treatment while in prison were evaluated. Significant differences were found in each of these domains. Rape offenders were more likely to have histories of high violence offenses other than sexual offense, including murder, serious juvenile offenses, and both juvenile and adult sexual offenses. Rape offenders were more likely to show lower intellectual functioning and diffuse brain dysfunction associated predominantly with temporal and prefrontal brain cortices. Rape offenders were also more likely to display psychological functioning associated with illogical thinking and disordered attachment but less immature self-focus and fewer feelings of alienation than demonstrated by molest offenders. Implications for treatment and social policy for sexual offenders are suggested. Logistic regression demonstrated that these neuropsychological measures resulted in 71.7% accurate prediction and Rorschach measures resulted in 79.2% accurate prediction in differentiating rape from molest offenders. Implications for theoretical understanding of sexual offending are discussed.     

Study of the correlation between psychiatric and psychological diagnoses in sample offenders

This study deals with the frequency with which expert psychiatrists and psychologists make structural or nosographic diagnoses within the context of expert assessment.Thus, the rates of concordance between psychiatrists and psychologists in both types of diagnoses will be assessed.To do so, the level of inter-observer agreement on diagnoses between 1990 and 2003 was studied retrospectively in France through psychiatric and psychological assessments of 505 male offenders. The assessment of the correlation rates was carried out using the Kappa coefficient.The results show a range of 0.55 to 0.71 in inter-observer (psychiatrists vs psychologists) agreement for structural diagnoses, and 0.51 to 0.89 for nosographic diagnoses.In addition, a marked correlation between psychiatrists and psychologists may be noted regarding abstention in both structural (k = 66) and nosographic (k = 73) diagnoses. In fact, recommendations are made for improvement in the consistency of offender assessment in the psycho-legal French context.     

Prevalence of mental disorders among sexual offenders in forensic psychiatry and prison

The objective of this study was to compare the prevalence of mental disorders among sexual offenders in forensic psychiatry (SF) with the prevalence of such disorders among sexual offenders in prison (SP) and violent offenders in prison (VP). In a cross-sectional study, 40 of 47 SF detained in forensic psychiatry in Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany, could be included. They were compared with 30 SP and 26 VP. All study participants were interviewed by means of SCID I and SCID II and assessments of functioning (GAF, BSS). There was a high prevalence of mental disorders (DSM-IV: Axis I) in all three groups (SF: 80%, SP: 63%, VP: 73%). Among SP and VP, this was attributed mainly to substance use disorders. The prevalence and comorbidity of personality disorders was significantly higher in the group of the SF (prevalence: SF: 85%, SP: 27%, VP: 39%). In a psychopathological view, SP were all together more similar to the imprisoned non-sexual delinquent VP than to the SF.     

The frequency and classification of the needs of offenders in community settings

Concern for the specific needs of offenders, or concern for “behavioral objectives” in community supervision practices, has increased considerably in the last twenty years. This article examines the development of needs-focused supervision technology in three different ways. An analysis of trends in correctional literature from 1964–1983 is conducted to see whether there have been changes in the types, frequencies, or variety of needs reportedly met by community corrections programs. Second, data on needs from ten separate needs-assessment studies are aggregated to compare need incidence across different setting and different offender populations. Finally, a factor analysis is performed on one set of needs data to determine whether the conceptual dimensions used to classify needs can be empirically validated.     

The role of beliefs and trait aggression in prison bullying among young offenders

This study aimed to explore the characteristics of those involved in bullying, including trait aggression, beliefs, interpretation of potential threat and responses to aggression. Three hundred and thirteen young adult male offenders completed three measures; the Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behaviour Checklist, the Aggression Questionnaire, and the Threat Appraisal of Behaviour measure. Pure bullies and bully-victims were predicted to have higher trait aggression scores, and to be more likely to endorse beliefs supportive of aggression than other groups. Bully-victims were predicted to have higher levels of trait hostility and higher levels of fear than pure bullies. The results demonstrated that both bully groups had higher trait aggression scores, with bully-victims having higher scores on the hostility subscale than pure bullies or those not involved. Bully-victims viewed bullying as more of a threat and were more fearful of it than pure bullies and they were also more likely to endorse both aggressive and avoidant coping responses whereas pure bullies were more likely to endorse aggressive responding. Findings highlight differences between the two bully groups and offers an outline of the underpinning causes of bullying for each group.     

Evaluation of the ADViSOR project: Cross‐situational behaviour monitoring of high‐risk offenders in prison and the community

Purpose. The release on licence of prisoners who have committed serious violent and/or sexual offences requires rigorous risk assessment and risk management. This study evaluates the ADViSOR project, designed to examine the contribution of prison behaviour monitoring to community supervision of a sample of the highest risk offenders released in England and Wales under Multi‐Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA). Method. The offence‐related behaviour of a total group (n= 25) of MAPPA prisoners in one prison, due for release in the following year to two adjacent probation trust areas, was monitored. Their behaviours in the community were followed up for 1 year. A comparison group (n= 36) was formed of the total number of MAPPA prisoners released from prisons nationally to the same two probation trusts. Results. The frequencies of ADViSOR negative behaviours in prison and the community were strongly correlated, r_s (25) = .55, p= .004, as were positive behaviours, r_s (25) = .56, p= .004. No statistically significant correlations were found either under usual MAPPA processes in the ADViSOR prison or comparison group prisons. The frequency of ADViSOR negative behaviours statistically significantly predicted, with 92% accuracy, the offenders who would reoffend or be recalled to prison (n= 8). Statistically significant similarities in types of behaviour were also identified. Conclusion. Results are discussed in terms of the contribution of behavioural monitoring to risk prediction with high‐risk offenders, consistency of cross‐situational behaviours, and implications for policy and practice.     

Screening for malingering/exaggeration of psychiatric symptomatology in prison inmates using the PICTS Confusion and Infrequency scales

A sample of 76 federal prison inmates with a history or current complaints of significant psychiatric symptomatology at intake were followed for a period of 4-39 months by a psychologist who rated the inmate as malingering (n=12), substantially exaggerating (n=32), minimally exaggerating (n=23), or honestly reporting (n=9) signs and symptoms of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression, or severe anxiety disorder. The Confusion-revised (Cf-r) and Infrequency (INF) scales of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles, which had been administered routinely at intake, revealed that only the INF successfully predicted malingering and exaggeration of psychiatric symptomatology even after pre-existing group differences in age, race, and overall criminal thinking were controlled. These results suggest that the INF scale can potentially serve as an effective initial screening measure for malingering/exaggeration in inmates presenting with mental health complaints.     

保存温度与时间对生物样品中氯胺酮稳定性的影响

目的研究不同温度和时间条件保存时生物样品中氯胺酮的稳定性。方法家兔以氯胺酮150mg/kg灌胃,30min后处死,取其血、肝、肾、脑,分别在室温（18～24℃）和冷冻（-20℃）条件下保存,并用气相色谱-质谱法定性分析、气相色谱-氮磷检测器法测定不同时间各样品中氯胺酮含量。结果血、肝、肾、脑冷冻保存至第30天氯胺酮含量均降低（P〈0.05）;室温条件下各样品中氯胺酮含量自第5天起均升高（P〈0.05）。结论生物样品在冷冻条件下保存时氯胺酮稳定性较好,怀疑氯胺酮中毒或死亡的检材应冷冻保存,尽快检测。     

死后血浆和溶血样本中IgE的稳定性

目的 探究死后血浆和溶血样本中免疫球蛋白E(immunoglobulin E,IgE)经过不同保存条件及冻融处理后的稳定性.方法 选取39例死后48 h内非冷冻尸体的心血样本,其中20例取血浆样本,19例取全血制成溶血样本.将样本置于-20℃、4℃、25℃条件下保存28 d及-80℃条件下保存1年以探究IgE在不同保存...     

农村社会阶层分化对维护农村社会稳定的挑战及其应对措施

当前,中国农村社会正处于社会转型期,单一型社会结构已经解体,复合型社会结构得以重构,传统意义上的农民阶级出现分化和重组,农村社会呈现出利益分化、价值观念分化和组织分化的局面,从而给农村社会的和谐稳定带来了挑战。本文认为,可以通过发展农村经济、促进社会公平、构建社会主义核心价值体系和整合基层组织资源等途径来确保农村地区的长期和谐稳定与发展。     

湛江市农村地区社会稳定和治安问题研究

湛江市位于我国大陆的最南端,农村面积大,农业人口多,农村的社会秩序和治安状况对全市治安稳定至关重要。湛江农村最为突出的问题是黑恶势力犯罪、涉枪案件、涉毒涉赌、征地拆迁补偿、土地权属纠纷和修路以及民风民俗活动引发的群体性事件、精神病人作案和交通事故引发的事件等7方面。影响湛江市农村地区社会稳定和治安秩序问题的成因主要有：经济社会发展失衡;基层政权组织软弱涣散;一些历史遗留问题积重难返;黑恶势力坐大成势,打击难度大;农村派出所力量薄弱和精神文明建设滞后,群众素质低等。解决湛江农村地区的社会稳定和治安问题,根本出路在于不断深化经济社会改革,推进农村精神文明建设和物质文明建设。而当务之急,必须明确维护稳定和治安秩序的责任制,加强基层政府和群众自治性组织建设,大力开展整治活动,不断提高农村社会管理能力和水平,这样才能使湛江农村地区逐步走向有序。     

VEGF在家兔缺血心肌中的表达及其死后稳定性研究

目的观察心肌中VEGF在死后一定时间的稳定性及表达的变化规律，评价其对死后诊断机体早期心肌缺血的作用。方法用冠状动脉结扎法建立家兔急性心肌缺血模型，应用SP法染色、图像分析和统计学处理系统，检测缺血心肌细胞内VEGF阳性表达面积和强度，并对VEGF在死后不同时间的稳定性进行比较。结果VEGF在缺血心肌组织中，见灶性或成片心肌细胞强阳性表达，部分细胞呈阴性或弱阳性表达，血管内皮及平滑肌细胞表达弱阳性，间质表达阴性；在4℃放置，随时间延长，缺血心肌组织VEGF阳性表达有减弱趋势，至10d时缺血心肌组织仍可见VEGF在少许心肌细胞胞浆内呈弱阳性表达。在4℃放置10d以内，缺血心肌和正常心肌标本之间VEGF阳性表达具有极显著性差异。结论VEGF能耐受一定程度自溶及腐败的影响，其免疫组化检测对于判断死后4℃放置10d以内的尸体是否出现过心肌缺血具有一定意义。     

Assessing Stability and Change in Criminal Offending: A Comparison of Random Effects, Semiparametric, and Fixed Effects Modeling Strategies

An important theoretical problem for criminologists is an explanation forthe robust positive correlation between prior and future criminaloffending. Nagin and Paternoster (1991) have suggested that the correlationcould be due to time-stable population differences in the underlyingproneness to commit crimes (population heterogeneity) and/or thecriminogenic effect that crime has on social bonds, conventionalattachments, and the like (state dependence). Because of data andmeasurement limitations, the disentangling of population heterogeneityand state dependence requires that researchers control for unmeasuredpersistent heterogeneity. Frequently, random effects probit models havebeen employed, which, while user-friendly, make a strong parametricassumption that the unobserved heterogeneity in the population follows anormal distribution. Although semiparametric alternatives to the randomeffects probit model have recently appeared in the literature to avoid thisproblem, in this paper we return to reconsider the fully parametric model. Viasimulation evidence, we first show that the random effects probit modelproduces biased estimates as the departure of heterogeneity from normalitybecomes more substantial. Using the 1958 Philadelphia cohort data, we thencompare the results from a random effects probit model with a semiparametricprobit model and a fixed effects logit model that makes no assumptions aboutthe distribution of unobserved heterogeneity. We found that with this dataset all three models converged on the same substantive result—evenafter controlling for unobserved persistent heterogeneity, with models thattreat the unobserved heterogeneity very differently, prior conduct had apronounced effect on subsequent offending. These results are inconsistentwith a model that attributes all of the positive correlation between priorand future offending to differences in criminal propensity. Sinceresearchers will often be completely blind with respect to the tenabilityof the normality assumption, we conclude that different estimationstrategies should be brought to bear on the data.     

心肌肌钙蛋白T在家兔缺血心肌中的表达及其死后稳定性

目的 探寻心肌肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）在家免缺血心肌中的表达规律及其死后稳定性．并对其在法医学实践中诊断早期心肌缺血的应用价值进行评价。方法用冠状动脉结扎法建立家兔急性心肌缺血模型．应用免疫组织化学法、图像分析和统计学处理系统,检测死后cTnT表达情况,并对实验组和对照组cTnT的表达进行比较。结果缺血区心肌组织可见明显不规则灶状、片状cTnT缺失区,间质呈阴性表达。在4℃放置．随放置时间延长,正常和缺血心肌组织cTnT阳性表达均有减弱趋势,至14d时均完全缺失。但仅在4℃放置1～7d内,缺血心肌和正常心肌标本之间cTnT阳性反应具有显著性差异。结论cTnT的免疫组化表达用于认定死后4℃放置的尸体是否有死前心肌缺血时．宜在7d以内进行。     

房地产契证制度与清末社会稳定——以南京地区房地产契证为范例的分析

房地产契证制度是中国一项传统的房地产法律规范制度,至清末已发展得相当完善。房地产契证不仅记录房地产交易的具体内容,记载政府的法律规制情况和对房地产的实际管理状况,也反映了社会的发展状况。在清末社会的动荡变革中,财产关系相对稳定,房地产交易能够正常进行,社会生活得以正常延续,一定程度上得益于房地产契证制度在保障交易安全、维护财产秩序方面的作用。通过颇具特色的清末南京地区房地产契证制度,研究清代房地产契证与房地产法律规制的实际作用,研究清末完善的契证制度在保护个人财产、维护产权人的合法权益、稳定基层管理秩序、保护基层社会老百姓的生存权利方面所发挥的积极作用。