The Regional Innovation Paradox: Innovation Policy and Industrial Policy

This paper explores the regional innovation paradox and its policy implications. The regional innovation paradox refers to the apparent contradiction between the comparatively greater need to spend on innovation in lagging regions and their relatively lower capacity to absorb public funds earmarked for the promotion of innovation and to invest in innovation related activities compared to more advanced regions. Empirical analysis of the nature of the paradox shows that there are strong complementarities between business, education and government spending on R&D and that technology/innovation policy and industrial policies tend to work in opposite directions. Our analysis suggests that resolution of the paradox requires policies that: (i) increase the innovation capacity of regions by working both on the demand and the supply side of the system to increase both private and public sector investment in innovation activity; and (ii) integrate technology policy and industrial policy by encouraging expenditure on innovation activity within mainstream industrial policy programmes. The penultimate section of the paper outlines and assesses policy initiatives/experiments along these lines and suggests how they might be developed in the future.     

我国反垄断法与产业政策、竞争政策目标

竞争的正常运行需要有法律保障,但成就于国家政策目标的落实与实现。我国反垄断法在制定过程中,应将产业政策和竞争政策主要体现于反垄断法的适用范围、规制对象和执法机构这三个问题上。     

Networking and Knowledge Transfer Between Research and Industry in Transition Countries: Empirical Evidence from the Slovenian Innovation System

Using empirical data from an innovation survey carried out in the Republic of Slovenia in 1997/1998, the paper analyses the innovation-relevant co-operation pattern between different kinds of research institutes and industry. The hypothesis is made that system transformation is not yet accomplished in Slovenia, and that the innovation system is still fragmented. While there is intense co-operation between Slovenian research institutes and companies, the level of co-operation between university institutes and industrial firms remains below the average of all Slovenian research institutes, although one focal point in the co-operation activities of university institutes is the support of firms in market introduction. Mainly larger institutes co-operate with larger firms, whereas small institutes hardly co-operate. Consequently, the challenge of innovation policy is to integrate all participants of the Slovenian innovation system in a structure of mutual knowledge and information exchange.     

The Convergence of Social Policy and Criminal Justice

This article discusses the shift from crime as a problem of the police and judicial authorities to a subject of local policy. It will, in particular, examine the relationship between safety policy and social policy. Safety has become an important social theme in the last decades. There are at least three reasons to explain why this is the case: the increase of crime, increased attention for the victim and the legitimacy of the government. A concentric model is proposed to serve the development of a systematically set up local safety policy. In the Netherlands programmes such as Communities that Care and Justice in the neighbourhood (Jib) are important developments which stress the integral approach of the crime and safety problem. The article closes with a discussion on the convergence of criminal justice policy and social policy.     

Policy and disparity: The punishment of infanticide in Britain and America

In the United States, studies of maternal infanticide (and female violent behavior in general) have been rare. Children represent about 35% of female perpetrated homicide victims and there is reason to believe that this number may be significantly higher based on estimates concerning SIDS deaths. Infants face a homicide rate approximately four times higher than that of the general population in much of the industrialized world. Infanticide has historically been relegated to the legal category of homicide in the U.S. This is significantly different than in most industrialized countries. This article argues that the lack of specific public, legal, and medical policy in the United States concerning infanticide results in random inequity of charges, dispositions, sanctions, and treatment of offenders. This situation is unnecessary as demonstrated by British and European legal systems, and is in direct opposition to the policy of minimizing disparity.     

The Police and CMHCs: The Transition from Penal to Therapeutic Control

The deinstitutionalization of chronic mental patients and the establishment of Community Mental Health Centers creates a new role for the police—i.e. agents of therapeutic control. In this new role, police must move beyond their traditional behaviors as agents of penal control, and play an active part in initiating patients to psychiatric treatment. Social scientists and mental health professionals recognize the need for police training in this area. Yet, little research has been devoted to the penal-therapeutic transition per se. This paper examines the social structural factors necessary for such a transition, and it illustrates the methods by which CMHC professionals can manipulate their social control environments so as to fulfill these social structural "requirements". We also discuss some non-structural barriers to police acting as agents of therapeutic control and the prospects for overcoming them.     

社会转型与刑事政策

社会转型是指社会结构和社会运行机制从一种形式向另一种形式的转换。社会转型对刑事政策的影响在于犯罪状况的变化所引起的刑事政策的调整;对于刑事政策模式的影响在于任何刑事政策,无论其形式多么协调和谐,也无论在什么时刻什么地方,都不能用一个单一的刑事政策模式去看;社会转型对刑事政策的价值的影响在于自由和效率的提升;刑事政策的功能体可以从多方面去考察,但最终归为两大功能:导向功能与符号功能。     

欧美国家DNA数据库的应用现状及前景

DNA数据库因其在打击犯罪方面的巨大作用而受到世界各国的普遍重视。在欧美的一些国家,DNA数据库建立已有十多年,在实际应用中取得了辉煌成果。本文作者根据收集到的最新数据资料介绍了这些国家DNA数据库的发展规模、应用成果和现状以及今后的发展趋势。     

Public Rewards and Innovation Policy: Lessons from the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries

There has been renewed interest in recent years in using prizes and rewards to promote innovation. History has played a central role in public debates in the UK about the merits of such interventions, with the Longitude Prize 2014 being self‐consciously modelled on its eighteenth century precursor. Similarly, historical case studies have been used extensively in the scholarly literature in this area. However, it is striking that there has been little engagement with parliament's role generally in rewarding inventors in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and how this formed part of a broader system of rewards. The article explores how this system operated and demonstrates that it formed an established part of the legal landscape for many decades. It considers the extent to which a more complete understanding of the historical use of prizes and rewards during the key period of Britain's industrialisation might inform current debates.     

Convergence in British Cultural Policy: The Social,the Cultural,and the Economic

It is increasingly the case that cultural policy at all levels of governance is expected to address a suite of concerns much broader than those traditionally associated with the arts and creative practice. Indeed, in many nations, including most notably Britain, the concerns of cultural policy now embrace the economic and the social, as well as the cultural. In Britain, this convergence is occurring as part of a broader policy concern to ameliorate social exclusion by providing people with opportunities to participate in the creative economy. Drawing on the findings of a major study of the factors shaping cultural policy internationally, this article identifies and maps the priorities, key intersections, and convergences associated with these priorities in British cultural policy. The article argues that, in spite of taking different forms and having varying emphases depending on the constituency and the level of governance involved, the convergence agenda currently dominating British cultural policy is nevertheless remarkably consistent in terms of the discourses surrounding culture, the remit of the cultural sphere, and strategic policy implementation.     

Bridging the Gap: Humanitarian Protection and the Convergence of Laws in Europe

This article uses the thematic of humanitarian protection to examine the convergence of laws in Europe. It considers the heterogeneous architecture of the Refugee Convention and European Convention on Human Rights then analyses the homogenous framework of the EU's Common Asylum System and, in particular, the Qualification Directive. It argues that in an area where international, regional and national laws intersect, convergence needs to be underpinned by Member States adopting a common interpretative methodology that has international law at its core. Article 15 of the Qualification Directive (QD) is used to illustrate how this can be achieved. The article adds to the growing literature on the convergence of laws in Europe and illustrates the importance of adopting a common interpretative methodology. It suggests a paradigm for protection regimes around the world and a methodology that could be transplanted to other areas of law involving the intersection of international, regional and national laws.     

刑事政策与刑法关系的应然追求

刑事政策与刑法的关系一直是个争议问题.在刑事法治观念日益深厚而刑事政策地位日隆的今天,讨论二者的关系意义尤其重大.刑事政策与刑法关系的核心,是在区别二者前提下的互动、制约、促进关系.刑法对刑事政策的制约主要涉及刑事政策的制定和实施,这是法治的要求,是权利保障的要求;刑事政策对刑法的指导主要体现在法律的制定、实施和法律变革上,这是时代发展的要求,也是社会防卫的要求.而倡行法治、保障人权是刑事政策和刑法都应该奉行的基本原则,是已为现代法治国家的刑事司法实践所证实的理性选择.