知识产权的海关保护法律制度及完善

知识产权海关保护是用行政手段对知识产权侵权产品的跨国交易进行规制,目的在于将侵权货物阻止在海关边境外,不让其进入一国或一单独关税区的商业流通,以免破坏正常的经济贸易秩序。我国已建立起相对完备的知识产权海关保护法律制度,但在具体制度方面存在不合理的方面,不利于保护相关权利人的利益。本文分析了我国知识产权海关保护法律制度的现状,对其不足进行探析,并提出了相应的法律完善措施。     

论侵犯商业秘密罪的认定

1997年修订的刑法新增设侵犯商业秘密罪,该罪在适用过程中遇到了诸多问题和争议,甚至连什么是“商业秘密”这一最基本的概念都未能达成共识,更遑论其他方面:如主观方面是直接故意,还是包括间接故意,过失能否构成犯罪?如果能够构成,那么使疏忽大意的过失还是过于自信的过失?“不正当手段”在本罪中应如何界定?“造成重大损失”是本罪的既遂标志还是成立标志?可见侵犯商业秘密罪中存在的问题不是细枝末节的问题,而是最基本、最关键的问题,直接关系到能否准确定罪量刑。本文对存在的争议进行了归纳评析,并阐释了自己的见解。     

网络侵权案件的侵权行为地管辖依据评析

侵权行为地这一传统属地管辖依据能否适用于以及该如何适用于网络侵权案件，是具有理论和实践双重意义的重要问题。该依据虽然受到网络的冲击，但仍能适用于此类案件。然而，我们必须基于网络侵权行为的特殊性对其加以发展。“被告侵权设备所在地”作为被告侵权行为实施地管辖依据，具有确定性和合理性，应作为网络侵权案件的主要管辖依据。“原告发现侵权信息的计算机终端设备所在地”一般不能作为管辖依据。只有当被告侵权行为实施地难以确定时，它才可作为侵权结果发生地管辖依据而得以适用，成为网络侵权案件的辅助管辖依据。     

'Trade mark use' in Europe: revisiting Arsenal in the light of Opel and Picasso

Legal context: The European Court of Justice (ECJ) decision in the case ofArsenal Football Club v. Reed led to uncertainty regarding thepractical scope of a trade mark proprietor's property rights. Key points: The uncertainty resulted from a failure of the ECJ to addressclearly the issue of what constitutes infringing trade markuse. The ECJ ignored the question of the High Court as to whetheruse of a trade mark as an indication of origin is necessaryfor establishing infringement. They instead established an ambiguousstandard for what constitutes infringing trade mark use, suggestingthat only use that jeopardises the essential function of a trademark is an infringing use. This ambiguity has had problematicimplications for subsequent interpretations of trade mark law,particularly in the Court of Appeal in Arsenal and the Houseof Lords in R v Johnstone. Two relatively new ECJ cases may help clarify the issue. InOPEL, the ECJ suggested that infringing use of a trade markmust be use that is perceived by the relevant public as a designationof origin. The Picasso decision limits the effect of the Arsenaldecision on the relevance of confusion in non-sale situationsto the facts of Arsenal. In particular, it stresses the pointthat when assessing likelihood of confusion in the context ofan opposition to an application for registration the court shouldfocus on the perception of the relevant public at the pointof sale. Practical significance: The benefit of these two cases is that they create some clarityfor legal practitioners and the Courts when addressing the questionof what constitutes infringing trade mark use.     

论无意思联络数人侵权行为

无意思联络数人侵权行为的研究意义主要在于廓清其是否应归于共同侵权行为，即行为人是否应承担连带责任这一问题。根据结合的时间和空间，可以将无意思联络数人侵权行为划分为同时空结合和异时空结合两类行为。由于难以给出一个统一的、科学的、确定的划分数行为与损害结果之间的原因力的标准，并且无辜的受害人相对于实施了侵权行为的加害人应受到更多的保护，因此虽然无意思联络，只要数个侵权行为互相结合造成同一损害的，行为人应向受害人承担连带责任，即无意思联络数人侵权行为构成共同侵权行为。     

论我国侵犯商业秘密犯罪的认定和处罚及刑法完善

随着企业市场竞争的激烈以及信息化、经济全球化的发展,各国纷纷加强对商业秘密的法律保护,尤其是刑事保护.随着市场经济的不断发展以及我国加入WTO,仅靠1997年<刑法>中增设的侵犯商业秘密罪这一简单条款,不足以全面、有效打击犯罪,并且该条款存在诸多不完善之处.从商业秘密的概念和特征、侵犯商业秘密罪的构成要件和认定及其处罚等方面进行阐述、分析,指出了侵犯商业秘密罪的刑事法制存在的不足,并提出了完善侵犯商业秘密罪的刑事法制构想.     

侵犯注册商标权犯罪问题研究

侵犯注册商标权犯罪是当前实践中比较突出的问题 ,正确理解和认定刑法规定的三种侵犯注册商标权犯罪对于运用刑法惩治当前制售假冒伪劣商品犯罪具有重要的理论指导意义。本文认为 ,注册商标罪只能由直接故意构成 ;对“明知”的理解应区分存在论意义上和司法推定层面的不同 ;应明确“销售金额”、“违法所得数额”、“非法经营数额”各有不同的内涵     

全球化时代的知识产权犯罪及其防治

当今世界许多国家都在采取不断修订国内知识产权法和制定合适的知识产权保护政策等手段,以适应国际经济发展以及国际竞争的需要。本文分析了我国知识产权犯罪的现状和特点,并从知识产权自身的特点、我国的知识产权制度、经济、文化和法制等方面对我国的知识产权犯罪原因进行剖析,在此基础上提出我国知识产权犯罪的防治措施。     

试论网络知识产权犯罪中的审判管辖制度

快速发展的信息技术为人类在现实世界之外,创建起一个复杂多变的虚拟世界,即网络空间.而网络空间内所发生的侵犯知识产权犯罪以其所具有的异于传统侵犯知识产权犯罪的隐匿性、复杂性、智能化等特性,给我国刑事诉讼中传统的审判管辖制度造成了很大的障碍和困难,亟待学界进行深入研究以创建合理的解决机制.     

论违约责任和侵权责任的竞合

违约责任与侵权责任的竞合是因为行为人实施的一个违法行为具备违约行为和侵权行为的双重性质,从而引发了两种责任的共同产生。各国对违约责任与侵权责任的竞合有不同处理原则,我国合同法明确规定了该两种责任的竞合,受害人有选择的权利。     

Two Grades of Non-consequentialism

In this paper, I explore how to accommodate non-consequentialist constraints with a broadly value-based conception of reasons for action. It turns out that there are two grades of non-consequentialist constraints. The first grade involves attaching ethical importance to such distinctions as the doing/allowing distinction, and the distinction between intended and unintended consequences that is central to the Doctrine of Double Effect. However, at least within the value-based framework, this first grade is insufficient to explain rights, which ground weighty reasons against infringing those rights that need not be outweighed even when infringing those rights is necessary for preventing a larger number of people from having their rights infringed in the same way. Such rights form a second grade of non-consequentialist constraints: within the value-based framework, this second grade is best explained in terms of the intrinsically relational values and disvalues of interpersonal interactions and relationships.     

知识产权刑事保护的贡献与立法完善--解读《关于办理侵犯知识产权刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》

最高人民检察院、最高人民法院于2004年11月11日联合颁行的<关于办理侵犯知识产权刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释>(以下简称解释),针对我国知识产权刑事司法保护严重滞后的实际,作出若干具体界定,增强了司法实践的可操作性,是一个贡献.但侵犯知识产权犯罪中还有若干问题,远非一个司法解释所能解决,还需要立法的不断完善.     

商誉损害赔偿若干问题研究

近年来,商誉损害赔偿纠纷越来越多.商誉损害不适用精神损害赔偿制度.关于商誉损害赔偿的数额,尚无具有可操作性的计算标准,法院在处理此类案件时较难把握.司法实践中商誉损害赔偿额一是在综合考虑基础上酌情确定,二是以商誉权人消除影响所需费用作为赔偿额的确定依据.应根据商誉损害的不同情况具体分析,然后确定应适用的计算标准.同时,确定商誉赔偿数额的其他方式如法定赔偿额制度等.     

侵犯财产罪客体新探

就侵犯财产罪的客体而言,国内通说都认为是"公共财产所有权",无疑存在着以偏概全之缺陷。西方就财产罪的保护法益也是学说林立。但其理论和判例则是由单纯保护本权(所有权)转向考虑对占有的保护。为此我国的侵犯财产罪的客体应坚持占有制度,以弥补通说之不足。     

侵害公民个人电子信息的侵权行为及其责任

全国人大常委会《关于加强网络信息保护的决定》规定了保护网络信息安全,制裁侵害公民个人电子信息侵权行为的原则,对于侵害公民个人电子信息“侵害他人民事权益的,依法承担侵权责任”.这种侵权行为是一般侵权行为,《决定》列举的侵害公民个人电子信息的不同表现形式,应当根据《侵权责任法》第6条第1款关于过错责任原则的规定,确定构成要件、举证责任以及相应的责任承担方式.     

Study on copyright infringement of video-sharing websites

If any video-sharing websites, without authorization, directly upload film and television works to a server to be shared by subscribers, and do editing and verification in advance on the infringing videos uploaded by subscribers, it is regarded as “direct infringement.” However, the overwhelming majority of video-sharing websites provide information platforms for subscribers to automatically upload videos, and in such case, how to determine the tort liability of those websites remains ambiguous. The Regulations on Protection of the Right of Communication through Information Network of China impose harsh liabilities on video-sharing websites by incomplete reference to the US “vicarious liability,” consequently hampering the development of normal business. It shall be reasonably identified whether the operator of a website “should have known” there exist infringing videos uploaded by subscribers according to the “Red Flag Test,” in reference to the columns set by the video-sharing website. In condition that a mature and effective filtering technology has been accepted by the market, it shall be taken as the subjective fault for a video-sharing website to refuse shielding the uploading of infringing videos with such technology.     

论商标的指示性合理使用

在司法实践中,正品转售商经常会援引指示性合理使用以抗辩自己在店铺招牌上使用他人注册商标的行为不构成侵权。通过梳理目前国内的典型案例,可发现当转售商单独或突出性使用他人商标于其店招之上时,法院仍然会作出侵权判定,但不同的法院在涉案行为侵犯商品商标或服务商标,以及指示性合理使用的构成要件问题上存在分歧。进一步考察美国及欧盟的立法及司法实践,可以总结出指示性合理使用需要满足必要性、合理性、善意以及不构成相关公众混淆四个构成要件。在使用他人商标指示他人商品的来源的行为上,指示性合理使用与权利用尽的概念范围有重叠之处。指示性合理使用的主张以涉案行为构成商标性使用为前提,其作为一种构成商标侵权的例外,宜在涉案行为满足商标侵权的构成要件的基础上,作为侵权抗辩理由进行援引。无混淆可能性作为指示性合理使用的必然结果和内在要求,应成为指示性合理使用的构成要件之一。同时,若权利人的商标为其企业名称或其主要组成部分,转售商的使用还涉嫌构成擅自使用他人有一定影响的企业名称(字号)等不正当竞争行为。     

Advocate General's opinion regarding challenges to distinctiveness

Formal invalidity or revocation proceedings must be broughtin order for the distinctiveness of a mark to be challenged;challenges to distinctiveness must not derive from the defendant'suse of an infringing mark.     

Is linking communicating?

File-sharing sites such as the Pirate Bay which provide an index of searchable bit torrent files or some type of list or catalogue of links to massively copyright infringing content (whether for streaming or downloading) have raised the question whether the providers of these links are infringing the “communication to the public” right. In these cases there are two potential infringers 1) the person who has uploaded the work without the authorisation of the copyright owner (and the uploading is likely to infringe the reproduction right) and 2) the person who sets the link to the uploaded work. This article is concerned with the liability of the person setting the link.     

绿色原则在知识产权侵权救济中的适用

知识产权法应落实《民法总则》创立的绿色原则。侵害知识产权行为成立,但判令侵权人承担停止侵害、销毁侵权产品等法律责任将造成资源浪费、环境破坏从而不利于绿色发展的,若有知识产权规则可循,则司法机关应依规则不判令侵权人承担前述责任;否则,则应依据绿色原则,对权利人享有的停止侵害、销毁侵权产品等请求权予以限制,以维护绿色发展利益。