论我国立法中的惩罚性赔偿制度

惩罚性赔偿 ,是加害人给付受害人的实际损失之外的金钱赔偿。本文在评析我国现行立法的基础上 ,提出如下主张 :如将其适用范围扩充 ;在对行为人的主观恶性的要求上 ,要包括欺诈、重大过失下的不实陈述、滥用权利等恶劣心态 ;就惩罚性赔偿的数额 ,应无上限规定 ,而应由法官结合具体情况予以自由裁量。     

Legal rules and the basis for evaluating economic losses

Damages or a loss in economic well-being can be measured by either the maximum sum people would pay to avoid the loss, or by the minimum compensation they would require to accept it. These alternative bases for evaluation have been assumed to yield fully equivalent measurements, and as a consequence no discrimination is usually made between them in assessment procedures. However, contrary to this presumption recent evidence from survey studies and from real exchange experimental tests shows that measures of values vary widely depending on which of the two bases is used. As an accounting of losses in economic welfare often figures prominently in the settlement of disputes and in the establishment of legal rules, this disparity can cause considerable ambiguity and lead to unintended and undesired outcomes: it can undermine negligence and nuisance determinations and project feasibility judgments, can bring about seriously incorrect assessments of losses and inadequate indemnification of damages, and can bias determinations over a range of other instances where measures of economic values are used.     

非法养殖水产品损害赔偿问题研究

从司法实践发展和《中华人民共和国物权法》《中华人民共和国侵权责任法》的角度论证养殖户对于其非法养殖的水产品具有合法的财产权,因此在海上事故造成非法养殖水产品损失时,事故责任人应当负有赔偿责任,水产品损失赔偿范围应当为其在损失发生时的市场价值,而不应仅限于幼苗养殖成本。对于非法养殖所获取的赔偿或利益,司法机关可以建议相关行政机关予以追究处罚,但是行政违法不应影响民事法律关系下的赔偿责任。     

医疗事故损害赔偿问题研究(1)(山西大学2004届法律硕士研究生毕业论文)

本文以《医疗事故条例》与民事法律、法规及司法解释的冲突为切入点,首先从医疗事故的构成要件着手分析,将医疗事故界定为“医疗机构及其工作人员在医疗活动中,违反医疗卫生法律、行政法规、部门规章和诊疗护理规范、常规,过错造成患者人身损害的事故”,拓宽了医疗事故的范围,并在此基础上着重强调医疗机构的谨慎注意义务,缩小了医疗事故的免责事由。其次,经过分析认为医疗事故损害赔偿责任的性质是侵权责任与违约责任的竞合,在实践中应根据当事人意思自治原则区别对待,适用不同的归责原则,同时指出了赔偿范围与标准以及医疗事故鉴定的不足,批驳了“不属于医疗事故的,不承担赔偿责任”的错误观点,论证了惩罚性赔偿原则在医疗事故损害赔偿纠纷中适用的可行性,提出了医疗事故网上鉴定的设想。最后为了强化对患者的司法救济,分散医疗机构的风险,消化医疗机构的损失,平衡医患双方的利益冲突,构筑完整的医疗事故损害赔偿体系,对医疗责任保险的保险范围、除外责任提出了自己的看法,同时提出医事法律应借鉴其他法律的相关规定,对医疗责任保险做出强制投保规定的设想。     

Incomplete antitrust laws and private actions for damages

Our purpose in this paper is to identify some of the implications that derive from the incompleteness of antitrust laws. Since with regard to certain anticompetitive conduct, the law remains substantially incomplete up to the first relevant court judgment, in terms of policy it is worth concentrating on stand-alone claimants who, not relying on earlier judgments, face very high evidentiary requirements, while generating large positive (information) externalities for potential follow-on claimants. The paper is structured as follows. In Sect. 2, we introduce the notion of incompleteness of the laws and address the process of production of evidence in antitrust lawsuits. Sect. 3 provides a survey of EU national case law and our summary of the results puts emphasis on incomplete laws, evidentiary requirements and stand-alone lawsuits. Sect. 4 presents a framework model to distinguish the decision-making processes for stand-alone and follow-on claimants in the presence of incomplete antitrust laws. In Sect. 5 we introduce a vector autoregressive model that we test with reference to the US antitrust law enforcement regime. Sect. 6 discusses some policy options and concludes the paper.     

医疗事故损害赔偿问题研究(1)(山西大学2004届法律硕士研究生毕业论文)

本文以《医疗事故条例》与民事法律、法规及司法解释的冲突为切入点．首先从医疗事故的构成要件着手分析，将医疗事故界定为“医疗机构及其工作人员在医疗活动中，违反医疗卫生法律、行政法规、部门规章和诊疗护理规范、常规，过错造成患者人身损害的事故”，拓宽了医疗事故的范围，并在此基础上着重强调医疗机构的谨慎注意义务．缩小了医疗事故的免责事由。其次，经过分析认为医疗事故损害赔偿责任的性质是侵权责任与违约责任的竞合。在实践中应根据当事人意思自治原则区别对待，适用不同的归责原则，同时指出了赔偿范围与标准以及医疗事故鉴定的不足．批驳了“不属于医疗事故的，不承担赔偿责任”的错误观点，论证了惩罚性赔偿原则在医疗事故损害赔偿纠纷中适用的可行性．提出了医疗事故网上鉴定的设想。最后为了强化对患者的司法救济，分散医疗机构的风险，消化医疗机构的损失。平衡医患双方的利益冲突，构筑完整的医疗事故损害赔偿体系，对医疗责任保险的保险范围、除外责任提出了自己的看法．同时提出医事法律应借鉴其他法律的相关规定，对医疗责任保险做出强制投保规定的设想。     

海上人身伤亡损害赔偿标准类型化研究

将海上人身伤亡赔偿标准类型化,提出了不同类别海上人身伤亡民事赔偿的法定标准或学理标准。以法学解释论为手段,通过规范分析,就现行法上的海上人身伤亡赔偿标准进行合乎立法旨意的阐释和评析,同时还从立法论的视角出发,对海上人身伤亡赔偿标准的应然状态加以研究,提出了通过修法程序修正过时赔偿标准的学术建议。     

船舶建造合同损害赔偿法律制度

在过去的几个月里,经济低迷,世界贸易增长放缓,很大程度上是由正在持续的金融危机导致的。各种造船订单正受到被取消或延期的威胁。因此,从英国法律的角度去理解适用于船舶建造合同的损害赔偿法律制度变得重要。如果造船厂以及船舶买家要违反船舶建造合同,则他们需要评估其相应的合法权利和义务。     

船舶建造合同损害赔偿法律制度

在过去的几个月里,经济低迷,世界贸易增长放缓,很大程度上是由正在持续的金融危机导致的.各种造船订单正受到被取消或延期的威胁.因此,从英国法律的角度去理解适用于船舶建造合同的损害赔偿法律制度变得重要.如果造船厂以及船舶买家要违反船舶建造合同,则他们需要评估其相应的合法权利和义务.     

在校未成年学生人身伤害赔偿浅议

学校是专门从事教育的社会公益性组织。学校有依未成年学生法定监护人的委托而在特定时间和区域内对未成年学生进行监护的职责。其监护职责的归责原则是以过错责任原则为主,公平责任原则为补充。对于因未成年学生在校发生人身损害而引起纠纷的处理主要应依照此归责原则来衡量,综合加以考虑。     

法教义学中法律解释性命题的可接受性证立

法教义学研究是对实在法尤其是实在法规则进行解释和体系化的研究,法律解释性是法教义学考察的核心命题,是对规范陈述在具体案件事实当中意义的研究。法律解释性命题的有效性证立除了需要满足自我证立的融贯性要求之外,也要符合相关理性论辩规则的规制,尤其需要满足可接受性法律证立的修辞论证需要。解释性法律命题的有效性是以法律解释结果的可接受性为基础的,阿尔尼奥的法律解释证立理论正是在此探讨理路上展开的。     

论惩罚性赔偿责任的性质

惩罚性赔偿责任的性质 ,在国外存在极大争议 ,大陆法系国家视其为公法责任 ,英美法系国家则将其视为一种特殊民事责任即民事制裁或私人罚款。我国理论和实务上多将其视为民事责任。本文指出 ,民事责任说与民法基本理论存在矛盾 ,不利于惩罚性赔偿责任发挥其应有的作用。惩罚性赔偿责任在性质上应属于经济法责任 ,这不仅与经济法理论完全相符 ,而且可以使其作用得以充分发挥。惩罚性赔偿责任应为经济法的基本责任形式。     

Legal identity for all

This paper examines Sustainable Development Goal 16.9 on legal identity for all. It considers notions of legal identity in international law and looks at legal frameworks for legal identity in Commonwealth member countries, including in respect of birth registration, national identity registers and cards, legal identity requirements for transactions and services, and new forms of digital identity. The paper examines specific legal issues relevant to identity, including privacy and data protection, identity theft and property rights. It concludes by reviewing the latest developments in concepts of identity, and applicable emerging technologies. It makes recommendations in respect of legal and policy reform that Commonwealth member countries may undertake with a view to meeting SDG Target 16.9.     

Legal Meaning Assumptions – What are the Consequences for Legal Interpretation and Legal Translation?

In this article, I discusssimilarities and differences between legaltranslators and legal interpreters. Thediscussion is centred around the impact thatthe choice of background assumptions as tomeaning of linguistic items in legal texts hason the way lawyers and translatorsconceptualise their own work, respectively. Thedispute between proponents of a strong and aweaker approach to legal meaning in legalinterpretation is presented and the relationsto legal translation is investigated. By way ofconclusion I present some of the majorconsequences for legal translators of optingfor the empirically more easily justifiableweaker approach.