欧洲与中国的人权观差异

在欧中关系中,人权问题最为敏感,分歧最大。在对人权的理解上,双方不仅官方立场存在分歧,而且公众的人权观念也存在重要差异。欧洲人通常认为,更多的人权有助于经济发展,或者经济发展将导致更多的人权,并期望或假设随着中国经济的持续发展,中国人对人权和民主的需要也将不断上升。但是,本文对大量调查数据的分析说明,欧洲人的这种预期是不切实际的。实际上,欧洲与中国有关人权的观念差距可能在日益扩大。     

The highway of Europe and Asia

The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient. By Henri Frankfort. The Pelican History of Art. Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Essex. 1954. Pp. xxvi + 270; 192 plates and 117 figures in the text. Price 42s.

The History and Culture of the Indian People. The Classical Age. By Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. Bombay: Arthur Probsthain. 1554. Pp. lx + 745, with four maps and 43 plates (two, of Ajanta paintings, in colour).

Malaya, Indonesia, Borneo and the Philippines. By Charles Robequain. Translated by E. D. Laborde. Longmans. 1954. Pp. 456; 15 photographs, 36 maps, bibliography and index. 30s.

Iran. By Professor R. Ghirshman. Translated from the French for the Pelican Series. 1951 (1954, translation). 5s.

A Bibliography of Painting in Islam. By K. A. C. Creswell. (Publications de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale du Caire : Art Islamique, tome I.) Cairo, 1953.

The Arabian Peninsula. By Richard Sangar. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 1954. Pp. 296. Ill. $5.

Qataban and Sheba. Exploring Ancient Kingdoms on the Biblical Spice‐routes of Arabia. By Wendell Phillips. Gollancz. 1955. Pp. 335. Ill. Price 21s.

The Old Turkey and the New. From Byzantium to Ankara. By Sir Harry Luke, K.C.M.G., D.Litt. London : Geoffrey Bles. 1955. Pp. 233. 16s.

The Sūfi Path of Love. An Anthology of Sūfism. Compiled by Margaret Smith, D.Lit. Luzac and Co. 1954. Pp. 154. 21s.

The Road to Mecca. By Muhammad Asad. London: Max Reinhardt. 1954. Pp. xiii + 381. Illustrated. 21s.

Danger in Kashmir. By Josef Korbel. With a Foreword by C. W. Nimitz, Fleet Admiral, U.S.N. Princeton (New Jersey) University Press. 1954. Pp. xvi + 351. Two maps drawn by Waldo R. Barton. Oxford University Press, London. $5.

The Life of Lord Roberts. By David James. (Foreword by L. S. Amery, C.H.) London : Hollis and Carter. 1954. 5¾” × 8¾”. Pp. xxiii + 503; Index, 18 maps, 16 illustrations. 30s. net.

Jinnah. By Hector Bolitho. John Murray. London. 1954. Pp. 244. Ill. 18s.

Tibetan Marches. By André Migot. London : Rupert Hart‐Davis. Pp. 288; 40 illustrations; 2 maps. 18s.

South Col. By Wilfrid Noyce. Heinemann. London. 1954. Pp. 303; 40 plates with line drawings and maps. 21s.

Journey by Junk. By Willard Price. Wm. Heinemann Ltd. 1954. Pp. 219 and Index. Illustrated. 18s.

The Indus Civilization. By Sir Mortimer Wheeler. A supplementary volume to the Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 95 and xxiv plates of illustrations. 18s.

Iran. By Richard N. Frye. George Allen and Unwin. London. 1954. Pp. 120; 2 sketch‐maps. 7¼” × 4¼”. 8s. 6d.

Al Yemen. A General Social, Political and Economic Survey. By Dr. Gamal‐Eddine Heyworth‐Dunne. Cairo: Renaissance Bookshop. 1952. Pp. X + 118; sketch‐map. 50 piastres.

Report from Malaya. By Vernon Bartlett. Published by Derek Verschoyle. 1954. Pp. 128. Ill. 10s. 6d.

Babylonian and Assyrian Religion. By S. H. Hooke. London: Hutchinson's University Library. 1953. Pp. 128. 8s. 6d.     

The Koreans of Japan: An Issue of Human Rights

Abstract

By 1965, Taiwan has changed from a labor surplus economy into a labor shortage economy. This article examines how rising demand for labor due to rapid economic growth in Taiwan has been met since 1965. This article attempts to answer 1) Where did the labor supply come from? 2) Has all of the potential labor supply been tapped and exhausted? 3) Is it possible for labor shortage and unutilized labor reserve to occur simultaneously? The authors hope that this study will lead to a better understanding of the limitation of the free market mechanism and help identify the proper public policies to enhance labor utilization.     

认识大国:中国与日本在东南亚的软实力比较研究

软实力大小是由受力国的认识和回应决定的。对外政策、国家治理和文化是衡量一国软实力的三个指标。对外政策具有明显的外向性,能够直接地影响受力国的认识和反应,国家治理和文化则是内源性的,在一定程度上,它们更能反映一国的吸引力。从受力国的角度看,国家治理的软实力不是由占优的要素决定的,相反是由最弱的要素决定的。在东南亚国家看来,中国的文化软实力相比于日本具有明显的优势,但是国家治理和对外政策软实力则稍显不足。中日两国的软实力外交具有各自的优势,在实践中可以相互学习借鉴。     

Defining Rights in Democratization: The Argentine Government and Human Rights Organizations, 1983–2003

Defining the rights that must be protected in a democracy is an integral component of the process of democratization. In the case of Argentina, the definition of these rights results partly from important debates between human rights organizations (HROs) and the state. Argentine HROs have framed their demands for state protection of human rights in terms of the need to protect the family. Yet HROs' successes in using international courts as arbiters may be reducing their need to present their demands in this framework.     

Protecting Human Rights: The Legitimacy of Judicial System Reforms in EL Salvador

Abstract — Research on democratic transitions in Latin America often ignore the importance of judicial systems — and related institutions — in achieving 'liberal democracy' and effectively safeguarding human rights, as contrasted with the restoration of 'electoral democracy.' This proves especially problematic in the instances of the former military-dominated authoritarian regimes of Central America. This article examines the efforts at judicial system and related reforms in EL Salvador since the 1992 Peace Accords, and relates those reforms to popular perceptions, both of previous institutions and of the institutional reforms and new institutions that have been created as part of the peace-making process. The reported survey research results suggest that the reforms on which liberal democracy in El Salvador depends, while generally viewed positively in the abstract, still rest on shaky foundations.     

The Human Rights State: Justice Within and Beyond Sovereign Nations

The Human Rights State: Justice Within and Beyond Sovereign Nations. By Benjamin Gregg (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016). pp.viii + 283. US$59.95 (hb).     

Learning the Limits of Power: Privatization and State-Labor Interactions in Mexico

Despite repeated conflict with organized labor, the government of Carlos Salinas de Gortari (1988–94) pushed an aggressive divestment agenda that transformed Mexico into Latin America's leading privatizer. Explanations of Salinas's achievements typically emphasize centralized presidential power (including control over the ruling party) and autonomy; technocratic and political savvy; and weak labor opposition. This article questions such a pure capacity-outcome approach. Of equal importance are the learning effects of repeated interaction between the state and labor, which changed the course of divestment struggles and thereby influenced their outcomes. Lessons learned in successive confrontations led to patterns of interaction conducive to widescale privatization. The article develops this argument through comparative analysis of major divestment episodes in the aviation, mining, steel, and telecommunications sectors.     

论印度在东南亚的软实力

印度软实力源自印度悠久的历史和灿烂的文化。印度在东南亚的软实力主要表现为印度对东南亚国家的双边和多边外交、印度对东南亚国家开展的广泛的经济社会文化合作,以及形式多样、丰富多彩的印度文化产品等。与其他西方国家相比,印度在东南亚展示其软实力的手段与方式更加多元化,也更加容易为东南亚国家所接受。     

论中国在东南亚的软实力

近年来,中国与东南亚国家的关系越来越密切,中国在东南亚的影响也越来越大。这种变化不是靠恐吓和威慑达到,而是通过中国不断增强的软实力来实现的。以东南亚地区为舞台,中国从援助、外交、外贸与投资、机制建设、自由贸易区建设、关税减让、非传统安全合作、教育、留学生交换、中华文化弘扬等方面展示了自己的软实力及其魅力。当这些得到东南亚各国认可,中国的政策和做法得到理解和支持,中国在东南亚的软实力就获得了提升。中国在东南亚地区软实力的提升进一步密切了两者的关系,保证了中国和东南亚的共同安全。     

地理的不确定性:关于俄罗斯、欧洲和亚洲的四个论题

针对俄罗斯归属于欧洲还是亚洲的问题,传统上公认的解说有:俄罗斯是一个欧洲国家;俄罗斯不同于亚洲;俄罗斯是一个欧亚国家。这些观点各有道理,但需细化。下面几个论题将有助于对俄罗斯属性的进一步认识:1)俄罗斯不仅是一个欧洲国家,而且是一个欧洲帝国。2)激进的欧亚主义者不反对俄罗斯的欧洲性,但反对认为俄罗斯是一个帝国。3)欧亚主义者宣称俄罗斯—欧亚不是亚洲的一个部分。欧亚主义者将欧亚理解为与欧洲或者亚洲完全不同的文明。4)欧亚主义者重新将俄罗斯—欧亚视为一个潜在的殖民地,而俄罗斯的使命是反殖民的领导者。     

中亚国家经济转型的政治-制度基础:来自中国的经验

中亚地区由于地理上和经济上的重要性,以及其尚未完成的转型进程,日益成为国际上高度关注的焦点.本文的目的是详细说明经济转型过程中一个牢靠的政治-制度基础(politico-institutional foundation)是必不可少的;本文还要探讨中亚国家建立这样一个基础的方法.出于相似政治方面的条件,本文把表现出色的中国作为中亚国家发展方向的范例.     

台湾外劳人权问题研究

尽管台湾当局一贯标榜人权,但是在台外劳的悲惨境遇却长期得不到改善。本文深入分析了台湾外劳人权问题的现状与形成过程,并指出,这一问题的症结在于台湾当局的“外劳牌”政策。因此,只要台湾当局不放弃“台独”,台湾的外劳人权问题就很难从根本上得到解决。     

中亚石油与中国

展望21世纪,中亚石油潜力巨大,可能成为今后世界石油市场极为重要的新角色。中国自1993年成为石油净进口国以来,对外来石油的依赖度日趋增大。中亚石油将成为中国除中东以外的主要外来油源。因此,我们应对中国——中亚石油问题进行思考。     

Local Politics and Political Power in Russia: The Case of Yaroslavl'

An American political scientist surveys local political reforms in Russia as they were proposed in 1988-1989 and implemented in 1990-1991. Using the city and provincial governments of Yaroslavl' as a case study, the author examines whether old political elites have shown themselves capable of adapting to the new political rules and retaining influence over local decision making. The paper then assesses differences in the strength of this influence in rural and urban areas and consequences of the power struggle between old and new political elites for Russian President Yel'tsin's reform program. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: P20, H1.