Youth,violence, and courtship in late-Victorian Birmingham: The case of James Harper and Emily Pimm

Late-Victorian England witnessed a decline in the recorded level of violence. Recent historical scholarship ascribes this fall to the 19th-century “civilising offensive” and suggests that male violence was effectively targeted by legislators and subject to increasingly stringent punishment by the courts. Yet concern with violence persisted. During the 1890s, it was expressed both in the enduring debate on the problem of male violence against women and in the growing anxieties surrounding youth gangs and “hooliganism.” This paper examines a criminal trial, held in Birmingham in 1898, which effectively fused these apparently disparate phenomena. The conviction of a young metal polisher, an alleged gang member, for the manslaughter of his former “sweetheart” aroused considerable comment in the local press. Both gang membership and violence against women were denounced as problems of the Birmingham “slums.” Close inspection of the trial reports suggests that neither the perpetrator nor the victim in this case conformed fully to the stereotypes of the gang member and his “moll” that were applied to them. Yet these stereotypes performed an important ideological function, distancing the problem of violence from the mainstream of civic life and thus preserving the veneer of English civility, whilst masking the persistence of male violence within courtship as well as marriage.     

Gangs and governance in Russia: the paradox of law and lawlessness

ABSTRACT

The paper addresses the nature of gang governance. It questions the notion that gangs regulate social and economic transactions and create stable orders in certain territories. It shows that, while presenting themselves as upholders of the ‘law’ in their territory, the gangs also create a climate of uncertainty and fear. The gangs manipulate their own unwritten rules and set up traps for residents and businessmen. These traps are designed to deprive non-gang civilians of presumed rights and identities and extort their money. The paper uses Schmitt’s notion of ‘state of exception’ and Agamben’s idea of ‘bare life’ to explain how gangs function.     

Identifying risks for male street gang affiliation: a systematic review and narrative synthesis

Gang violence has increased in recent years. Individuals appear to be joining gangs at younger ages, and many have suffered historic maltreatment. Subsequent exposure to violence can result in profound consequences, including acute psychological harm. This review aims to identify predictive risk factors for male street gang affiliation. A systematic literature search was conducted utilising PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Medline, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Social Policy and Practice databases (from the databases’ inception to 3 April 2015). From this search, n = 244 peer-reviewed papers were included in an initial scoping review, and n = 102 thereafter met criteria for a systematic review; a narrative synthesis follows. Gang members have typically faced numerous historic adversities across multiple domains; individual, family, peers, school and community. Cumulative factors generated an independent risk. The meta-narrative described an overarching failure to safeguard vulnerable individuals, with the motivation for gang affiliation hypothetically arising from an attempt to have their basic needs met. Clinical and research recommendations were made to inform early intervention policy and practice.     

Outsiders and justice consciousness

The foundations of my justice consciousness lie in two books that share the name “outsiders.” I was introduced to S.E. Hinton's novel before I was a teenager and it was my first real contact with the “Greasers,” the “Socs,” and a world of juvenile delinquency divided by social class. Written by a 16‐year‐old girl around the time I was born, I think it was this book that initially sparked my fascination with juvenile delinquency and the study of crime. I pursued this interest in college and became concerned with inequality and the ways in which our social surroundings shape our choices and our life chances. Reading Howard S. Becker's classic statement of labeling theory in his version of Outsiders changed my perspective again and I have never looked at the world in quite the same way since.     

70例对冲性颅底骨折分析

作者对70例头部损伤引起的对冲性颅底骨折进行了分析.认为在骨质菲薄部位,如眶板、筛板及蝶骨翼等处出现孤立性线状或粉碎性骨折,系由于头部受钝性暴力作用,于着力点的对侧被眼球或脑的加速运动撞击造成;在对冲性颅底骨折的相应部位的脑组织出现严重的对冲性脑挫伤,系由于该部脑组织加速运动撞击形成;二者是相互作用的结果.其它部位的对冲性颅底骨折主要是由于颅底部突出部分的反作用力造成.     

THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE REPUBLIC OF AUSTRIA

The aim of this article is to give an overview of the tasks and the function of the Supreme Court of Justice in interaction with the other two “Highest Courts” of the Republic of Austria on the one hand, and the European Court of Human Rights as well as the Court of Justice of the European Union on the other hand. For this purpose introductory remarks will examine the Austrian understanding of the judiciary as a state power and judicial independence. The closing part of the article will particularly look into the role of the Supreme Court as highest instance in criminal matters.     

140例海洛因毒品案鉴定结果分析

１４０例海洛因毒品案鉴定结果分析张润生（上海市刑事科学技术研究所;上海２０００８３）ＡＮＡＬＹＳＩＳＯＦ１４０ＣＡＳＥＳＯＦＨＥＲＯＩＮ￥ＺｈａｎｇＲｕｎｓｈｅｎｇ（ＳｈａｎｇｈａｉＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＦｏｒｅｎｓｉｃＳｃｉｅｎｃｅｓ;Ｓｈａｎｇｈ...     

2633例机械性窒息法医尸检资料回顾性研究

本文根据湖北省部分地区1957～1986年间尸检记录,收集并分析了2633例机械性窒息死的出现率、案情性质、城市与乡村的差别等问题,为法医学实践提供了可供参考的资料。     

中国汉族男女股骨性别差异

经测量235副（男158副，女77副）已知生前确切性别的成年股骨的21项指标，对单一测量项目判定股骨性别的效果进行了检验。结果表明，21项测量指标中有11项单一指标的判别效果达80％以上。采用Fisher两类判别分析法对测量数据进行统计处理，得到根据单侧股骨测量值判别性别的函数方程14个；对南方和北方人群组的测量数据，分别用Fisher两类判别法进行统计，建立了根据单侧股骨测量值判断性别的函数34个，判别率最高达98．23％。与盲测判别准确率相近。该法可用于法医人类学的个体识别。     

关于指纹特征价值研究

对2000人的20000枚指纹各指位不同纹型组合,各指位不同区域细节特征分布进行观察统计分析,发现其出现率明显不同.以此为据,计算出现概率,是全面判定指纹特征价值的依据.     

过敏性休克死亡机体内白三烯变化的研究

本研究采用反相洗脱高效液相色谱(HPLC)法检测青霉素和血清过敏休克致死机体中自三烯(Leukotrienes,LTs)。(1)过敏休克前血中未检出LTs的任一组分,休克死亡后检出LTB_4和LTD_4。青霉素过敏血中LTB_4含量是10.10±4.76(ng/ml),LTD_4是26.75±6.55(ng/ml),未检出LTC_4和LTF_4。(2)正常动物肺,脾和肾中均未检出LTs。过敏休克的肺,脾和肾中不仅检出LTB_4和LTD_4,而且在不同脏器中呈规律分布。青霉素过敏肺中LTs_4是23.75±3.80(ng/g),LTD4是58.58±11.39(ng/g))未检出LTC_4和LTE_4。脾中仅有LTB_424.36±3.62(ng/g)。肾中仅有LTD_12.17±2.55(ng/g)。(3)过敏休克致死机体置室温6或12h,或置冰箱48h再测LTs,未见明显变化。(4)青霉素和血清诱发的过敏休克中,LTs的增加和分布是一致的。本研究提示:LTs含量和分布的变化是过敏性休克所共有,可为过敏性休克急死的法医学死因检定提供有价值的证据。     

断线钳剪切痕迹特征的实验研究

探讨断线钳剪切金属客体所形成的痕迹特征及其检验方法.     

论推定规则适用中的证明责任和证明标准

<正>推定是由法律规定并由司法人员作出的具有推断性质的事实认定。由于"推定"一般都是以法律规定为依据的,所以在司法活动中运用推定方法认定案件事实或争议事实就表现为对"推定规则"的适用。推定规则的表现形式可以是立法机关制定并颁布的法律,也可以是司法机关依法制定的证据规则或者作出的司法解释和具有约束力的判例。在本文中,笔者将主     

ANALYSIS OF MEDIATION AGREEMENTS OF FAMILIES REPORTING SPECIFIC TYPES OF INTIMATE PARTNER ABUSE

The purpose of this study was to carefully measure Intimate Partner Abuse (IPA) behaviors among a large ( n  = 864 couples) sample of pairs of husbands and wives who were mandated to attend divorce mediation and then to: categorize the behaviors into theoretically-driven types of IPA, determine the number of cases screened out of mediation for any reason, and investigate whether measured outcomes of mediation (primary physical and legal custody) were related to IPA. Results indicated that rarely was IPA not reported—the most frequently reported IPA behavior was psychological abuse (98% of wives; 97% of husbands), followed by physical abuse (58% of wives; 54% of husbands), escalated physical abuse (62% of wives; 50% of husbands), and sexual intimidation, coercion and rape (56% of wives; 29% of husbands). Rarely were couples reporting IPA screened out of mediation (5%), and rarely were supervised parenting time or restrictions on contact between parents included in mediated agreements made by couples reporting IPA (6.5%). The overall level of IPA was unrelated to the specific terms of mediated agreements; however, by far the most frequent type of mediated agreement the couples' negotiated in mediation was for primary physical custody to go to the wife and for the husband and wife to have joint legal custody (59% of cases). Analysis of the implications of these findings and policy recommendations are included.     

损伤经过时间的实验研究

作者在全身麻醉及无菌条件下,通过在大白鼠背部皮肤造成的切创创口,于伤后不同时间杀死.每组中1只于处死前8小时注射秋水仙碱以观察核分裂.取损伤处皮肤,经福尔马林固定、石蜡切片、HE染色、Gorden和Sweet染色(网状纤维)、Weigert染色(弹力纤维)、PTAH染色(纤维蛋白)和Van Gieson染色,于显微镜下观察.结果发现创口逐日缩小,但其中24小时创口较12小时创口有所扩大,伤后第6～7日创口呈突击式缩小.通过组织学变化观察,作者对创口收缩现象在判断损伤时间的意义及形成机理作了讨论.