Widows: Outsiders in rural economy and society in central European villages, 1558–1750

Due to the lack of micro-historical empirical studies, a general account of the situation of women in early modern rural societies of demesne lordship (Gutsherrschaft) is not possible, yet. Previous research has generally assumed that their economic position was difficult. Recent studies, however, aimed to modify this picture by emphasizing, in particular, their independent economic activities, especially with increasing age.This paper will address the position of widows in rural society. It will analyze land transfer contracts for three individual villages of the Northern Bohemian estate of Frýdlant between 1558 and 1750 and contrast the results with normative sources of the same estate. It will particularly deal with the question whether widows could work subject farms and holdings independently and how they secured livelihood after selling their properties.     

Widows and their living arrangements in preindustrial France

This article examines the role of the widow in French society from the 17th century to the early 20th century. Differences between the size and composition of widow-headed households in urban and rural areas and the impact of socioeconomic factors on their residence patterns and region of residence are stressed. The final section explores the social position of rural widows in the Pyrenean stem-family system where patrimonial continuity and coresidence with older parents was the norm.     

Widows and their living arrangements in preindustrial France

This article examines the role of the widow in French society from the 17th century to the early 20th century. Differences between the size and composition of widow-headed households in urban and rural areas and the impact of socioeconomic factors on their residence patterns and region of residence are stressed. The final section explores the social position of rural widows in the Pyrenean stem-family system where patrimonial continuity and coresidence with older parents was the norm.     

Widows and unmarried women as taxpayers in England before 1800

A variety of taxes levied at various dates between the 1540s and the early nineteenth century are analysed to ascertain whether the frequency with which widows and unmarried women are listed as taxpayers matches the ratio between the numbers of widows and unmarried women and the number of men in the adult population. Examination of the tax assessments indicates that the proportion of taxpayers who were women often fell well below their proportion in the general population. This applies in the case of all taxes levied between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries and regardless of whether a tax was assessed primarily on goods, houses occupied, or land owned or occupied. That double the proportion of female than of male householders were exempted from payment of the hearth tax on houses they occupied in the second half of the seventeenth century indicates that many women maintained households on very depleted resources. However, the proportion of taxpayers who were women amongst those paying the least tax did not usually exceed the proportion of women amongst those paying most tax.     

Widows and unmarried women as taxpayers in England before 1800

A variety of taxes levied at various dates between the 1540s and the early nineteenth century are analysed to ascertain whether the frequency with which widows and unmarried women are listed as taxpayers matches the ratio between the numbers of widows and unmarried women and the number of men in the adult population. Examination of the tax assessments indicates that the proportion of taxpayers who were women often fell well below their proportion in the general population. This applies in the case of all taxes levied between the sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries and regardless of whether a tax was assessed primarily on goods, houses occupied, or land owned or occupied. That double the proportion of female than of male householders were exempted from payment of the hearth tax on houses they occupied in the second half of the seventeenth century indicates that many women maintained households on very depleted resources. However, the proportion of taxpayers who were women amongst those paying the least tax did not usually exceed the proportion of women amongst those paying most tax.     

Widows: perceptions,demography, residence patterns,and standard of living

This article examines the formulation, application, and effects of Article 31 of Law 14.394, which introduced absolute divorce into Argentina, albeit briefly: the law was passed in December 1954 and ‘suspended’ in March 1956. Our study sheds light on the juridical dimension of a topic that has not been considered to date. We present the results of our research in two parts. The first part analyzes the text of the law and the debates around it in Argentina's Congress. The second part provides an overview of divorce sentences and then considers certain exceptional cases. The specific features of the debates and sentences considered here provide a more complex vision of Juan Domingo Perón's government's definitions of the ‘new family.’     

Co-determination and the market economy

In this article attention is paid to Böhm's ideas on codetermination and on the related subject of public industrial organization. According to Böhm the government has to take care of the institutional framework of the market economy. The coordinating function of prices has to be improved by competition policy and by monetary and financial policy. Public industrial organization and codetermination based on the parity principle are thought by him to be incompatible with the market economy because they frustrate price formation.     

Guerrilla economics and the wild economy

This paper assesses the latest contributions, by Harding and Jenkins and by Portes, Castells and Benton, to the literature on the informal or hidden economy. It places these works in the context of the now significant body of theoretical and empirical research that has developed over the past 17 years. It traces the emergence of the concept from its roots in economic anthropology, developmental studies, criminology, poverty studies, industrial and urban sociology, and Soviet studies, to its current demand for an interdisciplinary economics. It shows how, what was originally a fragmented polemical critique of the classical model of economic man, dismissed by many as peripheral, even trivial, has emerged as a new approach to the analysis of economic life. This guerrilla interdisciplinary irreverence is forcing a new dialectical vision in which economic life is reveled to be anything but the predictable, rational activity of market forces. Instead we see a wild economy, of formal and informal, market and non-market, as interrelated dimensions of the same whole, a whole permeated by social networks and clusters of workers. Failure to take this development seriously is to be blind to the realities of modern economic life and itself constitutive of the myth that is the formal economy. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** AW502012 00002     

Law and policy of platform economy in China

China is experiencing a phenomenal expansion of platform economy fuelled by the advancement of information and communication technologies. It has become a global frontrunner in many sectors, including commerce, finance, and entertainment. A comprehensive law and policy narrative, however, is largely absent from English academic literature. This paper seeks to fill this gap by analysing the dynamic relationship of industrial development, policy engagement and regulation construction in one of the prime sectors of platform economy: Electronic Commerce (E-commerce). China's E-commerce market rose to global dominance shortly after its origination in the mid-1990s. This paper holds that such an expeditious ascendency is nourished by carefully designed public policies. To implement these policies, also to redress information asymmetries and other pertinacious market failures, a tailored regulatory paradigm has been instigated. This regulatory paradigm manifests a new mode of polycentric, participatory, and collaborative governance that strives to balance interest disparities between various stakeholders. The dynamic relationship exemplified in China's E-commerce market would provide a valuable indication for administering other sectors of platform economy not only in China but also across other jurisdictions that openly embrace commercial innovations in the context of information technological transformation.     

经济违法行为的法律经济学分析

法律经济学是一门新兴的学科。本文运用法律经济学的有关理论和方法,通过对经济违法行为进行成本和收益分析,得出如何预防、减少经济违法行为的方略。     

论现代市场经济法律体系

现代市场经济需要一整套健全的法律体系,改革开放以来,我国十分重视经济立法,与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的经济法律体系枢架正在逐步成型,但也存在着不少问题和矛盾,譬如,有的法律、法规带有旧经济体制的痕迹,经济立法严重滞后,规范性和可操作性较差,内容散乱、标准不一、结构失衡等.因此,加强经济立法,提高立法质量,仍然是一个相当重要的任务.现代市场经济法律体系的目标模式应有三大门类的法律构成,即规范市场主体的法律,规范市场主体行为的法律,规范市场秩序的法律,规范宏观调控的法律,规范劳动及社会保障的法律.在构筑我国社会主义市场经济法律体系时还应注意解决好价值目标与内在和谐性这两大问题.前者应体现公平与效率的协调平衡,后者应体现结构优化、兼容私法与公法、正确处理好本土化与国际化的关系.     

经济法的价值分析

经济法的价值可分为目标价值和功能价值。经济法的目标价值是社会整体效益的最大化 ,经济法的功能价值是实质公正、经济秩序、事实自由。