Marriage systems and remarriage in 19th century Hungary: a comparative study

The paper tries to examine the intensity and possible influencing factors of remarriages in two distant communities of historic Hungary during the 19th century. It uses longitudinal data gained from parish registers and family reconstitution method and event history models for the analysis of remarriage. Having only incomplete information on the social status of widowed persons, we used sex, age at widowhood, period, duration of widowhood and family composition as independent variables in the models. The analysis could prove that there were considerable differences within the ‘Eastern marriage pattern’: the analysed Transylvanian community showed a higher propensity to remarry than the West Hungarian one. This result fits well into the differing demographic patterns of the two communities. The most probable causes of these differences were better mortality and differing social composition in the Hungarian village. High propensity to remarry and the high proportion of widower/widow marriages stress the unique character of the Transylvanian community. Otherwise the role of sex was decisive in remarriage, that of age and duration of widowhood were also considerable, while period effect could not be observed. The presence of working-age sons decreased the relative risk of remarriage significantly. In this respect there were no considerable differences between the studied communities, and the results are similar to those of other research.     

How unique is the Western European marriage pattern?: A comparison of nuptiality in historical Europe and the contemporary Arab world

In this article a comparison is drawn between the historical Western European marriage pattern (WEMP), and more recent trends in nuptiality in Arab countries. This comparison makes clear that marriage behavior in the present-day Arab world shows striking similarities to nuptiality patterns which have been described by Hajnal and adherents as typically Western European. Due to a combination of economic hardship, ever growing costs in the marriage ceremony, prolonged education and the emancipation of women, people in the Arab world have started to marry at ever higher ages during the past decades. Moreover, there are indications that universal marriage is in decline. Just as Western European couples in the nineteenth century had to spend years of saving in order to meet the economic requirements for marriage, young couples in today's Arab world have to postpone marriage as they are only at a more advanced age able to bear the economic burden involved in getting married. Striking is also the fact that marriage restriction in both societies started at a moment when the social and legal position of women was improving (in late Medieval Western Europe and today in the Arab world). However, in some ways the historical Western European marriage pattern differs from the contemporary Arab pattern. No other marriage regime has been able to completely reduce fertility and balance population growth to economic development. Whereas population growth in pre-twentieth century Europe was only restricted by nuptiality control, demographic expansion in present day Arab society is also restricted by modern family planning. Declining nuptiality in the Arab world can however not, as some might assume, be put under the header of the Second Demographic Transition observed in Western societies, from the 1960s on. After all, until today, a rise in cohabitation and extra-marital births has not occured in the Arab world.     

试析中国古代的特色婚姻制度

婚姻从原始状态起便是世界上最生动的生活内容之一,婚姻制度则是阶级社会中统治阶级对婚姻合法化的确认,在我国悠长的人类文明史中不乏各种具有鲜明民族特色的婚姻制度.有的随着历史的发展已消亡,有的直到今天仍影响着我们.     

评完善我国的无效婚姻制度——兼议修改后的《婚姻法》

无效婚姻是现实生活中较为普遍的一种社会现象 ,同时也是一种违法的民事关系。本文通过对无效婚姻原因的分析和各国无效婚姻制度的比较 ,结合修改后的《婚姻法》关于无效婚姻的规定 ,提出了进一步完善该制度的构想。     

试论事实婚姻的认定及处理

本文认为事实婚姻在一定时期内是禁而难绝的社会现象,在力求杜绝事实婚姻发生的原则下,有条件地承认事实婚姻关系是符合实际的。     

中国同性恋者的婚姻困境——一个法社会学的视角

当下中国的同性恋者面临的更核心的问题还不是同性婚姻问题,而是异性婚姻问题。伴侣婚姻所强调的男女平等、爱情基础对传统婚姻造成了冲击,这一方面淡化了婚姻的生殖养育功能,催生了同性婚姻的诉求;另一方面也使得同性恋者进入异性婚姻的成本加大。事实上像婚姻这样的社会制度完全建立在爱情的基础上是很危险的,即使从可能性上讲也是不现实的。     

THE RIGHT TO MARRY AND THE SAN FRANCISCO EXPERIENCE

This article chronicles the issuance of marriage licenses to lesbian and gay couples in San Francisco in the winter of 2004. The article explores the political and legal landscape in the fight for the right to marry nationally and examines the current legal status of lesbian and gay couples in the country.     

关系契约视野下的婚姻观——对传统婚姻契约观的反思和突破

关系契约理论突破了传统契约理论的不足,为我们提供了一个全新的视角去看待婚姻的契约属性,为婚姻关系的基本定位和各项规则的设计提供了理论依据。在关系契约视野下,婚姻立法应该鼓励长期承诺、鼓励奉献和互惠、保护信赖利益、避免机会主义、正视社会规范和关系互动中形成的潜在不平等,适应婚姻关系不断变化的特征,建立调整婚姻的弹性机制。婚姻制度的设计应该协调婚姻中的国家干预和个人自治、兼顾当事人的对立和统一,衡平婚姻中的自由和限制,均衡当事人的利益和损失。     

册亨县者述村布依族婚姻习惯法研究

册亨县是贵州全省最集中的布依族聚居县,也是最偏远的县份之一。由于特殊的地理环境和历史背景,一些布依族村寨较好地保留了原始习惯法文化。保留得最好,能够形成完整系统的最典型习惯法制度就是当地的婚姻制度。历史上传承下来的形式婚制度与国家法多元并存,仍然发挥着重要的作用。     

论无效与可撤销婚姻制度的立法完善

我国无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻制度的相关立法还存在可撤销婚姻的法定情形过于单一、对无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻的法律后果没有进行区分等不足,需要通过扩大可撤销婚姻的范围、规定无效婚姻宣告制度、细化行使请求权的主体和期限、区分无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻的法律后果、强化对善意相对人的保护等来进一步加以完善,以适应新时期调整婚姻家庭关系的需要。     

从经济学视角看中国的婚姻法改革

从经济学的一些基本概念出发,本文讨论了中国婚姻法改革的一系列问题,并通过三种婚姻形式的提出和分析,对离婚后当事人扶养安排、财产分割和子女监护权问题作了充分的讨论。从有效信号功能和有效分离功能的角度看,现代西方和中国婚姻法的改革都犯了有效分离功能不足的错误。经济帮助的方法由于缺乏合理的公共政策原理而应该在婚姻法中被删掉,婚姻合同中可能出现的机会主义行为问题则可以通过婚姻法或一般合同法进行处理。如此的改革将使中国的婚姻法内涵更加合理,也更加适合婚姻市场的现实。     

制定中国民法典婚姻家庭编的思考与建议

中国民法典的编纂工作已经全面启动 ,婚姻家庭制度将作为其中的一编。婚姻家庭编的立法体例和内容如何确定 ,直接关系到民法典体系的科学性和制作的完整性。就制定《中华人民共和国民法典》婚姻家庭编的立法体例和制度设计提出相应的建议 ,以填补婚姻立法的空白 ,进一步完善婚姻法的各项规定 ,更好地保护公民的合法权益     

我国婚姻无效与撤销损害赔偿制度探析

当事人一方的违法行为导致婚姻无效或撤销,过错方侵权责任的配置,直接关系到无过错方权利的保护和 救济。文章借鉴国外立法经验,结合我国实际,提出我国婚姻立法应确立婚姻无效与撤销损害赔偿制度,并就该制 度的适用进行了探讨。     

假结婚、假离婚与错结婚的认定和处理

婚姻法只规定了四种法定无效情形和一种可撤销婚姻。对于假结婚、假离婚与错结婚争睛形如何认定和处理,没有法律规定,实践中往往适用民法总则无效民事效力行为的规定,将其认定为无效婚姻。这是错误的,婚姻有效与无效有其独立的评判规则,不能适用适用民法总则。因而,假结婚、假离婚与错结婚一般不能认定其行为无效。     

Sailors' families and the urban institutional framework in early modern Holland

This article points to a largely neglected theme in the maritime history: the important role of sailors' families in urban seafaring communities during the Early Modern Period. At the end of the seventeenth century and during the first decades of the eighteenth century, about 20% of the crewmembers of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) were married. Accordingly, in the towns in Holland where the VOC was present, many women had to run a household by themselves for a long period of time. The sailors' families were often confronted by emotional and financial distress, which to some extent affected the financial expenses of VOC towns as well. Many of these families were however able to cope because they received material support from various urban institutions. The Company created a system that encouraged sailors to send their money home during voyages, while urban poor relief often temporarily complemented the family's budget. Contrary to other married women, wives of sailors could obtain the legal power to engage in financial transactions, or to have access to inheritances. Town councils, civil courts, church councils, charity institutions and the East India Company were all willing to help the seamen's families. Their motives were twofold: while urban communities benefited from financially stable families, and the VOC compensated for their low pay by offering their employees fringe benefits, the attitudes towards seamen's wives also indicate that the urban elites genuinely wanted to provide some assistance to these needy families.     

我国军婚特殊保护制度的困境与出路

目前我国军婚的特殊保护制度实际上是革命年代立法思想在现代社会的一种继续。它通过限制非军人一方的权利和自由的方式来实现对军人利益保护,有悖于现代法律精神,又导致了婚姻双方权利义务补偿的错位和利益分配的不公,因此,必须本着务实的态度对现有的军婚制度进行必要的改革和重构。     

事实婚姻的立法冲突及解决

事实婚姻不仅是婚姻法的调整对象,也是刑法认定重婚罪的重要基础。在法律规则和司法解释的具体展开上,刑法和婚姻法基于不同的立场从而有所不同,并最终导致在重婚罪的认定上产生冲突。刑法领域内的事实婚姻有其独特的含义,刑法领域内事实婚姻的推定有效和认定无效不同于婚姻法领域内的事实婚姻有效与无效,具有重婚罪构成要件的作用和意义。尊重多元的情感生活方式,公法和私法的融合与重整,都可以为事实婚姻在刑法和婚姻法上的冲突提供解决方案。