Natural population movement and marriage restrictions and hindrances in Styria in the 17th to 19th centuries

To marry has never been an egalitarian option or everybody's wish. There have always been calculations or considerations, structural or individual hindrances and even societal restrictions for individuals to get married despite wishing to do so. Without any doubt and apart from the debate on determination or love and free choice in former times, to marry has always been a societal event, a mutual relationship between personal wishes and societal environmental expectations.And apart from all the debates on paradoxes in modernization processes, it is clear that in pre-modern times societal marriage restrictions were widespread.It is very unlikely that people should have been forbidden to marry because they should not have sexual contacts, just for morality reasons. The keys have been considerations and calculations on reproductivity, economic and social resources, social and human capital. This paper deals with aggregated vital data from four parishes in Styria, Austria, covering the outgoing 17th century until the end of the 19th century, in order to detect hints of marriage restrictions.The paper proves the well-known variety of marriage systems in pre-industrial and pre-modern times. It supports the idea that the presence of marriage restrictions hindered population growth, but the absence of such restrictions did not automatically foster more societal transparency and developmental chances in a modern sense, as mortality and inequality were very strong factors in pre-modern agrarian societies. In the end, the question of marriage restrictions was apparently posed and answered by privileged groups.     

论禁婚亲

现代各国的禁婚亲制度大多源于罗马法。在罗马法中 ,禁婚亲制度已经比较完备 ,其按照亲属关系的性质和远近来确定禁婚亲范围的原则和方法被许多国家所继受。禁婚亲范围有相当的稳定性 ,但随着社会的发展和观念的变化 ,在一些国家有相对缩小的现象。中国古代社会里形成的禁婚亲制度具有很强的伦理性 ,但宗族主义色彩浓厚 ,禁婚亲属范围广 ,重男宗轻女系 ,故在社会和法律转型时期必然会被西方的禁婚亲制度所改造 ,重男轻女的观念被抛弃 ,禁婚亲范围逐渐缩小 ,我国台湾地区禁婚亲制度的演变印证了这一点。我国现行的禁婚亲制度 ,禁婚亲属范围适当 ,禁婚理由充分 ,应保持稳定 ,无需扩大 ,但对因收养形成的拟制血亲关系的禁婚范围应当明确加以规定。     

假结婚、假离婚与错结婚的认定和处理

婚姻法只规定了四种法定无效情形和一种可撤销婚姻。对于假结婚、假离婚与错结婚争睛形如何认定和处理,没有法律规定,实践中往往适用民法总则无效民事效力行为的规定,将其认定为无效婚姻。这是错误的,婚姻有效与无效有其独立的评判规则,不能适用适用民法总则。因而,假结婚、假离婚与错结婚一般不能认定其行为无效。     

婚内强迫性性行为的中国化思考

欧陆女权主义运动的勃兴和国外立法的实践,给了婚内丈夫应当成立强奸罪主体肯定者法理和实践上的支持.但是,婚内有无强奸罪的问题,不单是一个法律问题,也不能靠法理推理和盲目跟风解决.婚内强迫性性行为的定性及制度借鉴,必须考虑本土的文化传统,考虑与本国文化资源中普遍的价值传承兼容.在这种进路下,全面衡量婚内能否和应否成立强奸罪的道德价值和法律风险,对于单单站在法学视域内的学者来说,会有更大的启发.     

法律行为与法律交易辨析

2006年7月2日,中国政法大学中德法学院和比较法研究所在友谊宾馆联合举办了“法律行为(Rechtshandlung)与法律交易(Rechtsgesch(?)ft)辨析”研讨会。研讨会邀请了北京大学、清华大学、中国人民大学和中国社会科学院法学研究所等单位的专家学者,对法律行为与法律交易的关联以及相关法律问题进行了专门探讨。中国社会科学院法学研究所孙宪忠教授和北京大学薛军博士分别作了主题报告,与会学者在这两个学术报告所引发的话题范围内,彼此间展开了非常专业和深入的学术讨论,并在一些问题上达成了共识,但同时亦保留了许多学术上的不同观点。现将研讨会的内容整理提要予以发表,以供学界参考讨论。     

Child-bride marriage and female welfare

“Child-bride marriage”—the marriage of prepubescent girls to adult men—has well-known nefarious consequences for females in developing countries where such marriage is often practiced. To improve these outcomes, developing-world governments have adopted several policies aimed at raising female marriage age. This paper investigates the effects of these policies for females in developing countries where parents strongly prefer sons to daughters. I find that raising female marriage age in such countries may have the unintended consequence of increasing the prevalence of female infanticide and sex-selective abortion. Where parents strongly prefer sons to daughters, some parents seek to dispose of their unwanted daughters through child-bride marriage, female infanticide, or sex-selective abortion. By raising the cost of child-bride marriage relative to infanticide or abortion, policies that raise female marriage age induce such parents to substitute the latter disposal methods for the former. I evaluate one such policy in Haryana, India and find empirical support for this prediction. My analysis suggests that from the perspective of female welfare, child-bride marriage may be a second-best institution, or constrained optimum, in developing countries that exhibit strong son preference.     

约束条件对冲击波作用下不同流体界面运动变化影响分析

冲击波作用下不同流体界面运动、变化对不同流体相互混合有很大影响，加快不同流体界面扰动增长速度，提高扰动振幅大小可以加强两种不同流体间的相互混合。本文采用数值模拟的方法分析了端面约束条件的变化对界面运动变化产生的影响。     

HCFA's new restrictions on the operation of hospital outpatient facilities

The Health Care Financing Administration has promulgated new regulations that substantially alter the manner in which it treats Outpatient Facilities. This Article (1) provides an overview of these new restrictions on the operation of Outpatient Facilities; (2) discusses potential unintended consequences associated with these restrictions; and (3) raises issues that providers must consider as they assess how to comply with these new restrictions.     

论法定代表人的法律地位

法定代表人制度根植于利益一致性假设,缘起于对国有企业改革现实需要的回应.在《民法通则》的框架下,法定代表人的担纲者垄断了法人的意思决定与意思表达,形成了中国特色的“独任代表制”,并由此导致了“僭主现象”频发等弊端.《民法总则》立基于意思决定与意思表达分离的法人意思表示逻辑,以代理机制重新厘定了法人与法定代表人的关系,确立了法定代表人的特别代理人地位.法人可以通过章程或权力机关的决议等方式限制法定代表人的代表权,但法律须为善意相对人提供最强的信赖保护,法人只有举证证明相对人就此种限制为恶意,才能对抗该相对人.     

再论法律职业化与法律职业共同体

随着法律职业化进程的推进,我国现阶段基本形成了法律职业阶层,但并未出现一个法律职业共同体。即便如此,鉴于法治信仰并未真正被培育,现有法律职业阶层仍然存在被异化为“物化”法律职业利益集团的风险。因此,法治信仰的培育既是法律职业化的基本要求,也是形成法律职业共同体的核心元素。     

海难救助的性质与法律适用

对于如何认识海难救助的性质,目前存在不同的学术观点,海难救助可根据不同标准划分为不同种类。强制救助的形式属于行政救助,具有强制性和公法的性质;契约救助和雇佣合同救助则具有合同的性质;纯救助则具有无因管理的性质。因此,笔者认为,应该根据不同类型海难救助种类来解决海难救助法律冲突,根据它们不同的性质确定所适用的准据法。目前,我国《海商法》和相关法律规范对海难救助的法律适用原则和规则并没有作出明确的规定．亟待填补这一法律空白。     

关于法制宣传教育与法治文化建设的思考

法治文化是一个国家或地区对于法律生活所持有的以价值观为核心的思维方式或行为方式，包括人们的法治意识、法治观念、法治思想、法律价值取向等。法治文化是法治的灵魂和源泉，是法治社会的精神支柱和内在动力。要实现依法治国、建设社会主义法治国家的目标，要建设社会主义和谐社会，都离不开法治文化的支撑。新形势下法制宣传教育一定要将促进法治文化建设作为工作的重要目标和内容，努力适应法治文化建设的要求，为推动法治文化建设做出积极贡献。