“不染楚风”——茶村体之于晚明清初诗坛的意义及对清中期诗坛的影响

杜溶诗在清初诗坛迥异于竟陵楚风,也置于虞山、云间诸体之外,形成独具一格的诗体--茶村体.茶村体的诗学意义体现于:在晚明公安、竞陵横扫诗坛之际,茶村体却能不染楚风;尊古守道,宣忠扬孝是杜溶诗文创作的主要动机,并重新将诗歌之旨定位于载道的高度;独尊少陵,对前后七子、公安、竞陵既有公允地反拨,亦有合理地修正.茶村体以独特的尊古方式丰富了晚明清初诗坛.作为清初诗坛的异响,茶村体在其时孤鹤独鸣,未显当世.但在作者卒后半个世纪,诗坛却给予了积极的回应--直接影响了清中期诗坛.     

China's new regulatory regime tailored for the sharing economy: The case of Uber under Chinese local government regulation in comparison to the EU,US, and the UK

Although Uber's arrival in China has resulted in disruptive competition for incumbent taxi companies, it offers an attractive alternative in China's supply-demand-imbalanced urban passenger transport system. China's regulatory regime for Uber has evolved in three stages: from the regulatory vacuum prior to 2015 to its official legalization in 2015–2016, and the enactment of numerous local regulations in 2016, with specific and more demanding requirements for Uber. This policy is a part of the Chinese approach to the gradual liberalization of the urban passenger transport market. Policymakers should consider ‘fair competition’ as the guiding principle to balance the interests of sharing firms and incumbent service providers, as well as between different sharing firms. The core value of this principle lies in the benefits it provides for consumers and the way it engenders a pro-competitive market environment. The labor protection arrangements for sharing firms’ laborers should be more flexible and diversified. In order to recognize whether an Uber-Driver is an employee or independent contractor, a new standard taking into account a range of factors should be established through collective negotiations between the participants of the sharing economy, and dialogues between members of the judiciary, academics, and the policymakers. Further, consumer protection law and personal data protection provisions should apply when sharing firms misuse their distinctive algorithmic management model to compete unfairly to the detriment of consumers and other users. Ex ante regulatory measures designed to protect the personal data of users should be introduced for deployment in the context of the sharing economy. When enforcing these rules, a balance should be struck ensuring free data flow that is essential to sharing firms’ innovation and competition, and the need to ensure the level of data security required to underpin a well-functioning sharing society.