Internationality of Women Specialty Journals: Content Analysis and Survey of Editors

In the USA, in criminology and criminal justice, the women specialty journals, Feminist Criminology, Violence Against Women, and Women and Criminal Justice, have played a key role as outlets for research on women and crime. The current study examined the internationality—presently a significant criterion used to measure the quality of scholarly journals—of these women specialty journals. In order to measure their level of internationality, two indicators are studied: (1) geographic diversity of editorial boards and (2) the patterns (frequency, countries, international collaborations, and thematic directions) of the foreign-authored articles between 2010 and 2016. The authors also conducted a survey of the editors of the three women specialty journals to identify trends in international submissions as well as editors’ perceptions of the internationalization of their journals. The results of this study confirm that the three women specialty journals are becoming more international. Finally, recommendations to encourage international diversity of editorial boards and authorships, especially from East Asia, are discussed.     

美国联邦政府公职人员利益冲突的制度约束与实施机制

自20世纪50年代以来,为解决引发腐败以及公众信任危机的公职人员利益冲突问题,美国联邦政府逐步构建起一个适应社会文化背景的制度约束体系——不仅通过健全刑事法律、出台伦理法规、颁布行为准则等系列正式制度设计和安排构建起一套外在识别和威慑公职人员利益冲突行为的刚性约束篱栅,而且通过逐渐积淀的社会生态文化、组织公共精神以及个人伦理道德等非正式制度作用形塑起一道与正式制度相契合并内在规约公职人员利益冲突心理和行为倾向的柔性约束防线。此外,美国联邦政府还通过组织保障、教育培训和监督惩处等配套实施机制,不仅确保了规约利益冲突行为的正式制度与非正式制度得以有效实施和高效运行,而且对最终从制度体系的三个维度约束利益冲突行为以及有效遏制困扰美国联邦政府的公职人员利益冲突频发的局面产生了重要作用。     

Conflict over Conflicts of Interest: An Analysis of the New NIH Rules

Concern over research integrity at the NIH led to the adoption of strict conflict of interest rules in 2005. An outcry from NIH scientists followed. This paper analyzes the legal and ethical issues raised by the new rules, and suggests potential areas for modification.     

Disclosing Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research: Views of Institutional Review Boards, Conflict of Interest Committees, and Investigators

Strategies for disclosing investigators' financial interests to potential research participants have been adopted by many research institutions. However, little is known about how decisions are made regarding disclosures of financial interests to potential research participants, including what is disclosed and the rationale for making these determinations. We sought to understand the attitudes, beliefs, and practices of institutional review board chairs, conflict of interest committee chairs, and investigators regarding disclosure of financial interests to potential research participants. Several themes emerged, including general attitudes toward conflicts of interest, circumstances in which financial interests should be disclosed, rationales and benefits of disclosure, what should be disclosed, negative effects of and barriers to disclosure, and timing and presentation of disclosure. Respondents cited several rationales for disclosure, including enabling informed decision making, promoting trust in researchers and research institutions, and reducing legal liability. There was general agreement that disclosure should happen early in the consent process. Respondents disagreed about whether to disclose the amounts of particular financial interests. Clarifying the goals of disclosure and understanding how potential research participants use the information will be critical in efforts to ensure the integrity of clinical research and to protect the rights and interests of participants.     

转企改制浪潮下的学报及学报编辑——以重庆市高校学报改革为主线

学术性报刊主要由高等院校或科研院所主办,主要刊登自然科学及社会科学研究领域的最新成果,以繁荣学术,推动创新为宗旨。对高校而言,学术性报刊主要是学报、校报和高校主办的学术性期刊。它们的受众面窄,目前走向市场较为困难,但改制的进程事实上不可逆转。在国家新闻出版总署没有明确学术性期刊的体制、机制及转制对象、时间之前,我们应当积极地进行资源整合,为下一步改制作准备。改制对我们高校学报编辑提出了新的挑战,带来了前所未有的发展机遇。我国高校学报在经过30余年的发展之后,迎来了一个新的战略机遇期。在改革浪潮之下,我们应当从思想观念、体制机制和能力素质方面积极应对。     

Guiding Principles for Directorial Conflicts of Interest: Re Allied Business and Financial Consultants Ltd; O'Donnell v Shanahan

The Court of Appeal has disposed of the ‘scope of business’ test as the touchstone principle for directorial entrepreneurship cases and has confirmed the continuing applicability of a capacity approach while emphasising the importance of directors obtaining the company's informed consent before taking up opportunities that they encounter. This provides welcome legal certainty but raises interesting questions about the scope of a director's disclosure obligations.     

从国际法角度论多边贸易自由化与国内公共健康政策的冲突和协调

WTO成员以公共健康为口号发起的贸易限制措施与各国在WTO下的贸易自由化的义务存在着冲突。GATT/WTO的有关规则和实践显示出多边贸易体制对国内公共健康政策的态度从“忽视”到“有条件肯定”的演变过程。具体来说,GATT时期的规则和争端解决实践不利于国内公共健康政策的实施,而WTO时期出现了有利于国内公共健康政策实施的变化。在WTO现行体制下,各国在实施为公共健康目标的贸易措施时,应符合特定目标的合法性、目标与手段的一致性、目标与手段的相称性等一般要求和相关的具体要求。