共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 390 毫秒
1.
For well over a decade, the European Union (EU) has proclaimed its leadership role in global environmental governance (GEG).
In this article, we examine both the nature of its leadership and the underlying conditions for ‘actorness’ upon which leadership
must depend. The EU’s record in the global conferences as well as its influence on the reform of the Commission on Sustainable
Development (CSD) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) are also investigated. We argue that the EU has frequently
sought to shape international environmental negotiations and promote sustainable development as an organising principle of
global governance. Despite its inadequate status at the UN and internal problems, it has had a significant effect on the global
agenda. However, due to persistent diplomatic opposition from other coalitions, its real, directly visible influence has been
more modest. For genuine directional leadership, which goes beyond the defence of self-interest, the Union will have to make
internal policy coherence a greater priority. Moreover, apart from relying solely on its weighty presence in the international
system or its potential capabilities, the EU needs to achieve a high level of credibility in order to enhance its powers of
persuasion.
相似文献
2.
This is a study of Norway’s ambitions for influencing UN environmental policies and then on the scope for impact. On the whole,
it is clear that Norway has not been particularly successful in its general efforts at strengthening UNEP. These proposals
have failed, due mainly to opposition from key states. Norway is after all a minor player in global governance issues, even
in those pertaining to the environment. Norway has been more successful in efforts that indirectly strengthen UNEP, by supporting
UNEP in initiating new MEAs. We found three main factors that help to explain why Norway has a relatively high level of influence
at the international environmental arena compared to its size. First, there is a relatively straightforward domestic decision-making
process with little conflict. Second, Norwegian officials and NGOs possess considerable expertise in these issues, adding
to the intellectual leadership role of Norway in pushing for new principles and international legislation through UNEP. Third,
Norway is sometimes able to join forces in environmental alliances with other like-minded countries. This would seem to carry
the widest scope for increasing impact.
相似文献
3.
In the introductory article it was concluded that the effectiveness of the UN environmental institutions studied was quite
low. Key actors, especially the US and the EU, play a considerable role in explaining the course of development in these institutions.
However, this does not mean that these processes are mainly state-driven as a number of other factors matter. The potential
for reform and increased effectiveness is limited as the main actors, the US the EU and G-77/China have very different interests
and perceptions as to the future directions of these institutions.
相似文献
4.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
相似文献
5.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
相似文献
6.
This paper explains why and how entrepreneurship has emerged as an engine of economic growth, employment creation and competitiveness
in global markets. The entrepreneurial society reflects the emergence as entrepreneurship as an important source of economic
growth.
相似文献
7.
Illegality does not necessarily breed violence. The relationship between illicit markets and violence depends on institutions
of protection. When state-sponsored protection rackets form, illicit markets can be peaceful. Conversely, the breakdown of
state-sponsored protection rackets, which may result from well-meaning policy reforms intended to improve law enforcement,
can lead to violence. The cases of drug trafficking in contemporary Mexico and Burma show how a focus on the emergence and
breakdown of state-sponsored protection rackets helps explain variation in levels of violence both within and across illicit
markets.
相似文献
8.
This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of the phenomenon of spinouts from academic institutions. We systematically
identified spinout papers in key management journals, categorised the literature and critically synthesised the findings.
We present the findings of each literature stream in turn and also identify inconsistencies and directions for further research.
We conclude that while the early literature has been mainly atheoretical and focused on describing the phenomenon, a core
group of recent studies were theory-driven.
相似文献
9.
The role of the United Nations in global environmental governance was determined in 1972 when a new international body for
the global environment was created as a programme within the United Nations rather than as an autonomous specialized agency.
A set of political dynamics between developed and developing countries led to the decisions on the functions, form, financing,
and location of the new intergovernmental organization—the United Nations Environment Programme. This article traces the historical
roots of these choices and exposes the motivations behind them.
相似文献
10.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
相似文献
11.
In East Asia, the Action Plan of the Coordinating Body of the Seas of East Asia (COBSEA) aims to protect the marine and coastal environment. COBSEA is funded by member countries and UNEP, member countries discuss common problems and resolve and diagnose cross-boundary degradation of marine environments. Success has come from funding for coral reef community activities and the Global Environment Facility funds for the South China Sea Project. COBSEA is actively engaged in the Global Plan of Action for Land-based sources of pollution and the Swedish Government is funding a programme to integrate marine and coastal activities in East Asian Seas. COBSEA is not always successful because of lack of member countries’ commitment and understanding of marine and coastal degradation by the wider community. COBSEA could easily combine with other agencies or have closer ties with them. It is suggested that the COBSEA member countries decide on a code of practice for donors and the responsibilities of funding recipients. 相似文献
12.
This paper discusses issues related to measuring organized crime as they have become manifest in the Dutch contribution to
the EU Organised Crime Threat Assessment (OCTA). It intends to convey to a wider academic community certain issues of definition,
methodology and accountability, understanding the NTA process in terms of the communication of risks in a context of competitive
defining institutions.
相似文献
13.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
相似文献
14.
Intelligence gathering plays a vital role in the ‘war’ against money laundering. Particularly important in this intelligence
gathering process is the global network of Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs) fed by a host of auxiliary (primarily financial)
institutions required to report suspicious transactions. This paper briefly reviews the history of the international system
of anti-money laundering measures imposed on the financial industry and other regulated businesses, the development of the
global network of FIUs and their system of information gathering. It will examine some of the issues that arise from the regulatory
framework within which this information gathering takes place. It will also address the issue of instrumental clarity and
whether existing and new directives, requirements and approaches are sufficiently clear to enable reporting institutions on
the ‘front-line’ to operate effectively.
Liliya Gelemerova is a doctoral (PhD) student at Tilburg University and Senior Investigator at Nardello & Co.
相似文献
16.
The spectacular business scandals in recent years have led both the legislative and business companies to rethink and redesign
their strategies. This article analyzes the worldwide impact of reforms in economic crime legislation emanating from the USA.
Empirical data are reported showing that the US regulations are generating a spillover effect spreading beyond its sphere
of operation. It is particularly notable that international stock-exchange-listed companies are orienting themselves increasingly
toward the legal standards of the USA.
Translated from the German by Jonathan Harrow, Bielefeld.
相似文献
17.
This response argues that the National Research Council (NRC) report, while valuable and thorough, would have benefited from
conceptualizing evaluation activities along a continuum of knowledge development, with evaluations initially verifying the
effectiveness of program concepts, before moving to evaluations of the feasibility and generalizability of anti-crime strategies
and, finally, to evaluations of the costs and benefits of implementation of new strategies.
相似文献
18.
Corruption is a universal phenomenon of public institutions. It is markedly more pervasive in developing and transitional
societies. China, with rapid economic growth for two decades, has been deeply troubled by the problem of official corruption
at all levels in the public sector. The paper reviews the literature in the last 15 years which examines Chinese corruption
from either a theoretical or empirical approach, by qualitative or quantitative methods in observation. Based on more than
30 studies with a focus on the related topic, the review covers issues of Chinese corruption data and statistics, theoretical
explanations and China’s strategies of fighting corruption as well as critique.
相似文献
19.
The problem of corporate crime rates has been the subject of debate, speculation and operationalization for decades, largely
stemming from the complexity of measuring this type of crime. Examining corporate environmental crime poses challenges and creates opportunities for advancing the discussion of corporate crime rates, but criminologists
are less familiar with environmental data. In the current paper, we review the strengths and weaknesses of existing environmental
data that can be used to construct the components of an environmental crime rate. We also present a corporate environmental
crime rate derived from data on violations of the Clean Water Act and describe problems with using it in real world data.
Implications for theory, practice and future research are discussed.
相似文献
20.
This paper examines the role of the target-based responsibility system for building upright Party style and clean government
in combating corruption in local China. It argues that the effectiveness of the target-based responsibility system in corruption
control is compromised by a number of implementation hurdles in practice. Based on a close examination of one county, Shaanxi
Province in the northwest China, this study shows that low measurability of the targets, the conflict between anti-corruption
work and other evaluation targets, and the impact of patronage politics account for the implementation failure of the target-based
responsibility system. The fundamental problem lies in that under China’s unified cadre personnel management system, political
will can interfere with the handling of corruption on a case-by-case basis, no matter what kind of anti-corruption mechanism
is employed. Under this context, the adoption of the target-based responsibility system in fighting corruption results in
nothing more than “pouring old wine into new bottles.”
相似文献
|