消费者的知情权

在信息社会中 ,知情权日益受到人们的重视。消费者的知情权是消费者权利体系中的基础性权利。消费者与生产者、经营者之间的信息不对称是法律赋予消费者知情权的原因。知情权作为确立消费者人格的基础 ,除了要求生产者、经营者履行信息披露义务之外 ,还要求政府的积极保护 ,实现对消费风险的事先控制 ,从而更好地保护消费者。     

知情权的权利属性探讨

本文以“政策──原则”分析框架为基础 ,探讨了知情权的权利属性及其对中国信息公开制度建设的启示意义。作为原则维度 ,知情权在信息公开立法的地位与功能虽不容忽视 ,但其重要性却远不及信息公开立法的政策维度。知情权至今在大多数国家既不是宪法性基本权利 ,也不是必然的法定权利 ,但其主体、客体、内容、界限却已基本成型。认清知情权的这些特点对进行符合中国实际的信息公开立法 ,推进民主行政、透明行政和依法行政具有深远的指导意义     

Labelling Genetically Modified Food: The Right to Know

Genetically modified ('bio-engineered' or 'transgenic') food has been at the centre of a transatlantic legal controversy for well over a decade – with the EU insisting on mandatory information disclosure to consumers and the USA resisting it. This article reviews recent developments in three global institutions dealing with the issue: the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization (the 2006 Biotech Products Panel Report); the Biosafety Protocol of the Convention on Biological Diversity (the 2006 Curitiba Rules); and the Codex Alimentarius (the 2006 session of the Committee on Food Labelling). The focus of attention appears to be shifting, from initial concerns over risk communication towards a debate over democratic governance: 'right-to-know' versus 'need-to-know'.     

论我国环境知情权的发展完善

环境知情权是一项新兴的环境法律权利,并随着社会的发展得到不断的完善,我国环境知情权虽然也有了很大的发展但还存在具体的缺陷,对环境知情权存在的问题做出分析后,借鉴国外的经验和教训,提出完善我国环境知情权应做出的努力。针对目前环境知情权制度,要求加强环境信息公开力度,明确政府职责,注重加强公众参与机制,推动相关立法的不断完善,不断完善环境知情权的法律规范,创建符合我国具体国情的法律机制。     

Woman's Right to Know Act: a legislative history

This article provides a comprehensive legislative history of North Carolina's Woman's Right to Know Act of 2011. The Act requires informed consent and a mandatory twenty-four hour waiting period for abortion, thus protecting a woman's right to make an informed choice. Informed consent provisions and mandatory waiting periods give individuals making decisions the information and time necessary to make informed choices. The Act further provides that an ultrasound be performed and explained no less than four hours and no more than seventy-two hours before the abortion. The article first provides a brief overview of sources of legislative history recognized in North Carolina. It then details the history of the Woman's Right to Know Act, from the first informed consent bill introduced in 1981, to the passage of the 201l law, and to the federal court case that followed. Finally it provides specific objections that were raised against the bill and responses to each. Legislators considering similar legislation need to be aware of the opposition they inevitably will encounter when passing such a bill. The author expects that this history and the ultimate success of North Carolina will encourage other states' legislators and lawyers and give them the tools to make their case effectively.     

司法与民主的对冲与平衡:对司法问责的审视

司法问责植根于司法与民主之间对冲和平衡的原理及实践。司法问责中包含着司法问责的正当性、司法问责的主体、司法问责的事由、司法问责结果等基本内容,并在类别上体现为法定性问责、公权性问责、社会性问责,而司法选任和司法惩戒则合力构成了司法问责的制度性基础。司法问责的理论内核表现为意图对民主权力行使同司法权合理运作之间的边界和维度进行有序勾勒。任何一国司法问责的具体操作都需立足于自身政治体制中司法与民主之间的现实基础,而逐步对司法权属性和运作、国家权力配置和格局、问责基本内容和要求等予以合理审视和考量。     

Democratic Incongruities: Representative Democracy in Britain

This essay discusses the rationale guiding legislation dealing exclusively with political parties. The analysis is based on examination of party laws in Austria, Finland, Germany, Israel, Poland, Spain and Venezuela. The manner by which a particular legislature applies the general features of party law‐ legislation (general declaration regarding the role of parties in democracies, definition of parties, registration requirements, the democratic character of association in parties, regulation of party finance, legal sanctions) is demonstrated in reference to the Israeli party law, the most recent case of an established democracy whose legislature passed a parties law in 1992.

Throughout the analysis, the study addresses a question of principle: should a legislature comprised of representatives of political parties undertake to legislate laws regulating the activities of political parties in a democratic parliamentary system? It is suggested that a partial response to this question is found in the fact that, with the exception of Finland and Israel, democratic polities that have chosen to legislate party laws had previously experienced a collapse of their democratic systems. In the process of reforming their democratic structures, the legislatures in these polities enacted parties laws that would ensure that political parties perform functions commensurate With the goals and practices of modern democracies.     

知情权属性之学理研究

知情权的提出缘自对人性的不信任以及对权力监督和防御的需要;人民主权学说是知情权的政治思想基础;利益说和主张权利说是知情权的具体理论依据。作为观念中的权利,知情权具有可请求和可主张的积极权利属性;知情权义务主体的特殊性,使知情权具有不可避免的妥协性;知情权不仅能促进民主制度的发展,而且需要民主制度的支持,因此又具有民主权利属性。     

有限公司股东知情权的客体

【裁判要旨】有限公司会计账簿的登记是以会计凭证为基础;会计凭证的填制,需要以公司实际发生经济业务事项为基础。公司法第三十三条第二款规定的会计账簿,其外延应当包括会计凭证和与会计凭证形成有关的基础性材料。     

Police Powers and Accountability in a Democratic Society: Introductory Report

This article by general rapporteur Joachim Kersten introduces the reports which were presented at the Twelfth Criminological Colloquium, organised by the Council of Europe in Strasbourg, from 24-26 November 1999. Europe is undergoing a phase of rapid change. This affects the conditions of policing in each country and on the European continent as a whole. It is actually the legal, political and cultural context of policing that is undergoing rapid change. This colloquium and earlier ones carried out by the Council of Europe served a crucial purpose: they are an assessment in the European context of what is happening in relation to the police, police ethics and human rights in democratic societies.     

党内民主集中制在人民民主中的运用

党内民主集中制的内涵存在多义性和不确定性,它的外延相当广泛,可以在不同的意义上认识和使用,这种情况给我们认真理解和贯彻党内民主集中制带来一定困难。将党内民主集中制运用于人民民主,是党领导人民民主的需要,但同时又必须遵循一些重要原则,特别是既要保证党对人民民主的领导,又要有利于促进人民民主的发展。将作为组织原则或者组织制度的党内民主集中制运用于人民代表大会制度的政权体制中是必须的,但是,对于党内民主集中制在人民民主其他方面的运用,必须具体情况具体分析,那种不加分析地将党内民主集中制运用于人民民主各个方面的观点和做法,是不适当的。     

Social Accountability Audits: Challenging or Defending Democratic Governance?

Current criticisms of the role of audit in society have painted a bleak picture about its use as a regulatory tool, highlighting negative consequences for democratic governance. This paper examines social accountability audits in light of these concerns. Two case studies of social certification systems are examined in detail: Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO) and Social Accountability International (SAI). These systems are evaluated using the lenses of accountability, ownership, trust, and reflexivity before concluding that social auditing processes, if done well and situated within stakeholder-based institutions such as FLO and SAI, can aid democratic and legitimate governance processes.     

试论纳税人知情权及其法律保障

纳税人知情权是纳税人诸项权利中的一项基础性权利.赋予并保障纳税人知情权,对维护纳税人权益及实现对征税权的行使、税款使用的有效监督等,具有十分重要的意义.但遗憾的是,有关纳税人知情权在我国现行立法、司法中严重缺失.鉴此,本文就纳税人知情权及其法律保障作些探讨.     

Problems of Democratic Accountability in Network and Multilevel Governance

Abstract:  Most studies converge on the growth of processes of 'multilevel governance' (MLG) in policy making, related to the often combined trends towards supranationalism and regionalism. Such processes are usually analysed under the angle of their efficiency, while their impact on the quality of democracy is neglected. This article first defines the concepts of multilevel governance and accountability, and then identifies the various dimensions of the latter. It further argues that MLG generates novel forms of accountability, but undermines its democratic dimension mainly for the following reasons: the weak visibility of MLG networks, their selective composition and the prevalence of peer over public forms of accountability.     

试论执行知情权

公民知情权是指公民对于国家重要决策、政府重要事务以及社会上当前发生的与普通公民权利和利益密切相关的重大事件，有了解和知悉的权利。执行知情权是审判知情权的延续，是公民知情权的一个具体表现。目前当事人的知情权极少或者根本就没有知情权。     

论患者知情权的法律保障

我国现有关于患者知情权保障的法律制度在维护患者合法权益、促进建立和谐的医患关系方面发挥着积极作用,但在权利主体、权利内容、权利保障等方面仍存在一些不足之处。应加强立法工作,充分借鉴国内外先进经验,注重科技发展对立法的影响,逐步完善患者知情权相关法律制度。     

知情权法律救济在我国遭遇的尴尬

<政府信息公开条例>的实施,在一定程度上保障了公民的知情权.然而<条例>在规定知情权法律救济途径时,由于并未充分考虑其独特的性质,故知情权如遭受侵害,在行政复议、行政诉讼、国家赔偿等传统的救济手段中面临诸多困惑与尴尬.因此,在宪法中明确赋予公民知情权以基本权利的地位;待时机成熟提升条例的法律位阶,变条例为法律;调整行政复议、行政诉讼的审查方式,增加屏蔽审理程序;提高公民权利观念,加强政府法治理念,畅通救济途径,才能更加有效地保障公民的知情权.     

论纳税人的用税知情权及其实现

要保证"取之于民"的税款能够真正"用之于民",纳税人就应当对政府用税享有知情权。作为纳税人与有关国家机关之间"获知"与"告知"相关联的产物,纳税人用税知情权是一种积极性权利与消极性权利相结合的综合体,它在纳税人的权利体系中占有极其重要的地位。在我国,纳税人用税知情权的实现不仅需要相关法律体系的完善,而且需要制度保障的跟进和配套机制的建设。