The ABH reactions of seminal stains

The ABO grouping results from approx. 1000 seminal stains have been collected and analysed. Most of the stains came from rape cases where the ABO and secretor status of both complainant and suspect were known. The results of the survey provided information concerning the usefulness of elution and inhibition as methods of body fluid grouping, the relative strengths of reaction of the A, B and H antigens in body fluids and the interpretation of the ABH reactions of body fluid stains.     

Detection of amphetamine in bloodstains,semen, seminal stains,saliva, and saliva stains

Low nanogram quantities of amphetamine were detected in 100μl samples of dried bloodstains using radioimmunoassay. Saliva, saliva stains, semen, and seminal stains also contained measurable quantities of the drug.     

Glucose phosphate isomerase variants in human bloodstains and seminal stains

Glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) variants occurring in human red cells were also demonstrated in human semen. Phenotyping was possible from bloodstains of 6 weeks storage and seminal stains of 12 weeks storage. The GPI system may be a supplemental tool for medicolegal individualization of seminal stains.     

alpha-L-fucosidase phenotyping in human placentae, semen and seminal stains

The polymorphism of alpha-L-fucosidase (Fu) was investigated in a Japanese population from samples of placentae and semen, using isoelectric focusing. The gene frequencies of placental types were Fu1 = 0.748 and Fu2 = 0.252, and those of seminal types were Fu1 = 0.739 and Fu2 = 0.261. The coincidence in the distribution between the placental and seminal types suggests that the Fu types occurring in placentae and in semen are controlled by the same Fu alleles. The Fu typing was possible in seminal stains stored at 4 degrees C for up to 9 weeks, at room temperature for up to 7 weeks and at 37 degrees C for up to 4 weeks. The Fu types were still detectable at semen dilutions of up to 1:4. This polymorphism would provide a useful genetic marker for the medicolegal grouping of seminal stains.     

gamma-Glutamyltransferase test as a new tool for identification of seminal stains

A simple qualitative method for identification of seminal stains based on a high activity of gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GTP) in human semen is described. It employs the release of alpha-naphthylamine from N-gamma-glutamyl-alpha-naphthylamide by the gamma-GTP action: alpha-naphthylamine couples with Fast Garnet GBC salt to produce a strong brownish-red color. The data on its simplicity, specificity, and stability show that the present method is suitable for medicolegal examination of seminal stains as a preliminary test.     

Electronic data processing latex immunoassay for the identification of human seminal stains

Electronic data processing (EDP) latex immunoassay using anti-human seminal acid phosphatase (anti-HSAP) immune serum was applied for the species and organ identification of human seminal stains. This test proved to be highly sensitive and specific.     

The use of scanning electron microscopy in the examination of seminal stains

Samples of human seminal stains on fabrics, paper and wood were observed with a scanning electron microscope (S.E.M). It seems a reliable, rapid and simple technique for the routine examination of seminal stains.     

Zinc test as a new tool for identification of human seminal stains

An extremely simple qualitative method for identification of seminal stains based on high levels of zinc in human semen is described. It uses reaction of 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol with zinc to develop a deep red color. The data are presented on the sensitivity, stability and specificity of the present method. We can recommend it for identification of human semen especially in old or denatured samples.     

DIA3 phenotyping in human semen and seminal stains by isoelectric focusing

The polymorphism of DIA3 was investigated by isoelectric focusing in semen samples from 235 unrelated Japanese volunteers and patients. Besides the three common phenotypes seven samples of the type 3-1 were observed. However, readable isoenzyme patterns were not demonstrated in semen samples of oligospermia under about 10 X 10(6)/ml sperm cells. The allele frequencies were DIA3*1 = 0.821, DIA3*2 = 0.164, and DIA3*3 = 0.015. The DIA3*1 frequency in oligospermia (0.765) was lower than that in normospermia (0.836). The isoelectric focusing method was successfully applied to phenotyping DIA3 in seminal stains; each phenotype was demonstrated at 37 degrees C for up to 4 weeks, at room temperature for up to 8 weeks, and at 4 degrees C for over 12 weeks after stain formation. In vaginal swabs the isoenzyme bands were very faint and not identifiable.     

The detection of protein p30 in seminal stains by means of thin-layer immunoassay

The detection of p30 by means of an indirect thin-layer immunoassay (TIA) is described. Extracts from 20 samples can be analyzed in approximately 2 h with a detection limit of approximately 50 ng. The p30 protein was detected in seminal stains which had been stored at room temperature for six months and at 130 degrees C for 4 h. Blood, saliva, urine, perspiration, and tears did not interfere with the method. The reliability of the method was demonstrated in a blind study.