Church,State, and Society in the East

The articles in this issue of Russian Politics and Law examine the role of religion in state-society relations in Russia, with a specific focus on the Russian Orthodox Church. They highlight the role of the Church in modern Russian society and its relationship with the state, showing that as the relationship between Church and state has become closer, hopes that Patriarch Kirill would rejuvenate the Church have proved largely unfounded.     

Church,State, and Society in the East

The articles in this issue of Russian Politics and Law review the role of religion in state-society relations in the former Soviet Union. They examine the role of the Church in several former Soviet republics and show that the Orthodox Churches in former Soviet states share many commonalities.     

The Russian Orthodox Church as Part of the State and Society

The author analyzes how the relations of the Russian Orthodox Church with the Russian state and with Russian society have developed under Patriarch Kirill.     

The Church,Ethnonationalism, and the State

Although the process of the acquisition of independence by countries and large ethnic groups in the post-Soviet region and the Eastern Bloc as a whole is complete, over the next few decades Churches are hardly likely to become propagandists of peace and tolerance.     

Church,State, Resistance1

This article problematizes a separation of Church and State that is nevertheless identified as constitutive of politics. Democracy has come to manifest a tension between the ‘autonomy’ of the political and a ‘heteronomy’ that, exceeding rationalist or social contractarian accounts of our co‐existence, is here presented as an irreducible affect of our being together. Autonomy, it is argued, resists heteronomy through all representations of democracy; yet, by contrast, heteronomy resists autonomy, and does so with the force of this affect. So if civil religion is impossible – and if we know only too well where its realizations lead: by default, to republican celebration, or by excess, to fascism – then we must take up again, and from scratch, the question of the affect according to which we co‐exist.     

The State and the Church

The history of the relations between church and state contains more than a few dramatic pages: rivalry and open opposition, attempts by church authorities to subordinate state power to themselves, and the state's struggle to extricate itself from the influence and control of the church.     

Separation of Church from State in the USSR

The present period in the development of society is characterized by a further weakening of the influence of religious ideology upon the public mind and an acceleration of the process of secularization of governmental and societal relationships. At the same time, in many capitalist countries as well as countries liberated from colonial dependence, religion and religious organizations continue to retain very firm positions and exercise a considerable influence upon the shaping of social relations and the content of legal systems. In a number of countries, religion, its canons, and dogmas are the principal source of law. The clerical movement also exercises a serious influence on the character of norms of public law in capitalist countries.     

The Belarusian Orthodox Church in the Shadow of the State

The Orthodox Church in Belarus tries to speak out in support of the state and at the same time uphold its own values. It can be effective in upholding its own values only if it participates in public dialogue.     

Russia: The Official Church Chooses the State

The author argues that relations with the state are still much more important to the Moscow Patriarchate than relations with its own flock.     

法治国家与法治社会、公民社会

法治国有多种类型:从专制的法制国到自由法治国、国家主义法治国、社会法治国.它们同社会的关系虽各有特色,但基本上是以国家为本位,以控制社会为目的.社会主义法治国家应当是自由社会法治国,它是以社会为本位,不只是要建设民主化、法治化的国家,更要形成法治社会;国家既服务于社会,又保障社会的自主、自治、自由.而法治社会则应当是自由的社会、公民社会.这种自由社会的终极目标也就是马克思所追求的"自由人的联合体".权力的多元化社会化和法的社会化多元化将消减国家法对社会的绝对统治,转为国家法与社会自治规范的共治,最终使法与权力逐渐复归于社会.     

Some Questions of Responsibility for Violation of the Law on Separation of Church from State and School from Church

All the necessary conditions have been created in our country for the normal functioning of religious bodies. The legislation contains special provisions protecting believers, religious bodies, and clergy from infringements of their legal rights.     

Queering State Crime Theory: The State,Civil Society and Marginalization

This article argues that criminology desperately needs to look at the ways in which states marginalize and persecute lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans* and queer (LGBTQ) identities. It critically examines the ways in which states reproduce hegemonic dictates that privilege those who adhere to gendered heterosexual norms over all others. This article further considers how the application of state crime theories, in particular Michalowski’s (State crime in the global age, pp. 13–30, Devon, Willan, 2010) tripartite framework, might further foreground the responsibility of the state in protecting LGBTQ identities. Examples of how this framework could be applied are given, with the case study of criminalization of same sex relations being focused on in depth. The article concludes by positing four key points to be considered in any analysis that attempts to critique the role of the state in the perpetuation of heterosexual hegemony.     

The "New Russians," the State,and Civil Society

The problem of crime in a transition society in general, and in Russia in particular, is part of a much broader problem of "liberation from the state." The road to such liberation is not necessarily a peaceful one. The emergence of a new view on life, new ideas of what is permissible and what is not, what is morally justified and what is prohibited, may be manifested in the collective and concerted actions of society as a whole or in a significant segment of society, thereby producing a revolution. Also, the adoption of new moral practices and the rejection of older ones may take place at the individual level, and in this case we may speak of a person's "escape" from state and society.     

社会、国家与法——从法的视角思考国家回归社会问题

社会与国家在经历了曲折的合一与分离的往返运动之后 ,国家最终要溶于社会之中而实现向社会的回归。本文讨论了在具有长期专制主义传统的中国 ,法在促进国家不断回归社会中的作用 ,指出法是国家回归社会的桥梁 ,法必须也能够成为制约国家、特别是政府 (行政 )权力的重要力量。通过对权力的制约 ,使国家权力逐渐向社会回归 ,最终实现国家溶于社会的伟大目标。     

小康社会与法治国家

全面落实依法治国基本方略 ,是十六大确定的建设更高水平小康社会政治目标的一个重要内容。经济建设、政治建设、文化建设 ,都对全面落实依法治国基本方略有着重要的意义和作用 ,而其关键则是坚持和改善党的领导。在思想理论层面 ,一个实质性的问题是正确认识和恰当处理政治与法律的关系 ,以法治有力、有效地控制公权力 ,有力、有效地保护私权利 ,使主人与公仆、民与官、社会和国家的关系 ,都符合法治的要求 ,依法治国方略才能全面落实。     

刑事政策体系中的民间社会与官方(国家)——一种基于治理理论的场域界分考察

治理理论是当今世界上颇具代表性的新型国家——社会关系架构和公共事务管理模式,也是认识刑事政策体系中民间社会与官方(国家)在犯罪抗制场域界分时的重要分析工具。运用这一工具可以看出,民间社会与官方(国家)在刑事政策体系中存在着专治与共治领域的治理分工。其中,专治领域是国家保有的专属犯罪抗制场域,共治领域则是官方(国家)与民间社会合作抗制犯罪的开放空间。同时,在共治领域中,官方(国家)与民间社会应形成协同支持、国家主导的伙伴关系。     

Trajectory of Reform: Catholicism,the State and the Civil Society in the Developments of LGBT Rights

This paper examines legislative variations in LGBT identities, addressing the question: why and how do two largely Catholic states—Italy and Spain—endow different legal treatment to LGBT identities? Italy and Spain present important similarities in their legal, social and historical backgrounds. The legal cultures of both of these states have legal frameworks decriminalizing homosexuality. Nevertheless, they have approached same-sex unions in quite different ways. Spain has introduced same-sex marriage. Italy has hindered, consequently legal recognition remains fiercely contested and unrealized. Overall, it is argued that it is in the area of same-sex unions that some of the most significant changes have taken place in family law over the past decade in a number of jurisdictions. The paper argues that legal reforms in family law must be understood in terms of relation between society and law and must draw upon the concept of “culture”. The two jurisdictions appear to support the theoretical perspective that reforms and lack of reforms in family law are inspired by a number of contexts such as religious values, ideas of political morality and State interests.     

俄罗斯早期市民社会的形成和发展——以社会、国家及社会舆论为视角

17世纪末至20世纪初的俄罗斯国家管理体制的演变和社会与国家的相互作用，是俄罗斯早期市民社会形成的社会学基础，从中也可以进一步理清俄罗斯社会从管理客体转变为管理主体的历史演变过程。作为社会与国家沟通主要渠道的社会舆论界在俄罗斯早期市民社会形成过程中一直起着重要的作用。国家与社会的每一次冲突与调和，国家暴力与革命者暴力的每一次角逐．舆论界总会向独立迈近一步。俄罗斯的社会现代化进程是以一种病态的方式进行的，君主——社会现代化的创始人和长期以来的领导者最终也以垮台而告终。最终，由于最后两位皇帝的缺点以及舆论界忍耐力、睿智和远见的缺乏导致了布尔什维克主义革命。