论独立教唆犯之犯罪预备性——以我国刑法第29条第2款的规定为视角

独立教唆犯是预备犯,这是因为,从教唆行为的本质上看,教唆行为是教唆者所教唆之罪的犯罪预备行为,且这种犯罪预备行为的本身在法律上不具有正当性。为了尽早阻断教唆行为对法益的破坏作用,有的国家在刑法总则中对独立教唆犯予以原则性地处罚规定,采取的是非独立预备犯的立法模式,将犯罪构成要件的可罚性前置化。采取独立预备犯立法技术的国家,在刑法分则中为一些独立教唆行为规定了特定的犯罪构成要件,使一些教唆行为成为其相应的犯罪构成要件的实行行为,但不是教唆者所教唆之罪的犯罪实行行为。     

经济刑法中危险犯的立法问题研究

危险犯的采用及其在立法上的扩展是立法对风险社会的回应,也是经济犯罪立法的重要特征。通过对近年我国经济犯罪的刑事立法的分析,可以发现《刑法》在大量增设经济犯罪罪名的同时,经济犯罪的危险犯的成立范围也大大扩展。同时,出于法益保护的早期化,预防社会风险等方面的现实需要,在经济刑法中设立抽象危险犯颇有其必要性和合理性。基于维护经济秩序安全的需要,可以考虑在经济刑法中谨慎地规定过失危险犯。     

Drug-Related and Economic Crime Among Unauthorized Latino Immigrant and Other Arrestees in California

Abstract

This paper employs 1994-1996 California Drug Use Forecasting (CALDUF) and 1994 Los Angeles County Mexican Immigrant Residency Status Survey (LAC-MIRSS) data to estimate the level and determinants of drug-related and economic crime among unauthorized Latino immigrant and other arrestees in California. Controlling for various potential individual, contextual and geographic determinants, logistic regression results suggest the use of illicit drugs, having entered the United States more recently and residing in a home without paying any rent or mortgage positively-and residing in a home where another is dependent on an illegal substance negatively-influenced being apprehended for a drug-related crime. Although being an unauthorized Latino resident also had no effect on having been arrested for an economic crime, U.S.-born blacks and Latinos as well as non-Latino immigrants were each more likely than non-Latino U.S.-born whites to be arrested, as were younger females. Working full time and depending on another for a place to live diminished the probability. In sum, although illicit drug use augmented the probability of having been arrested for a drug-related crime, neither this nor unauthorized residency status among Latinos increased the likelihood of being arrested for an economic crime. A concluding section discusses several policy implications.     

海峡两岸淫秽犯罪新论

淫秽犯罪是指与社会所否定的性行为和性关系直接或间接有关的犯罪。海峡两岸虽然在某种程度上对淫秽犯罪的社会危害性达成共识 ,但立法差异较大。我国淫秽犯罪立法起步虽晚 ,但进步快 ,体系日趋详备 ,在组织、强迫、引诱、容留、介绍卖淫 ,拐卖妇女、儿童与收买被拐卖的妇女、儿童 ,制作、贩卖、传播淫秽物品等犯罪的立法方面有其独特之处 ,体现了与淫秽犯罪斗争的坚定性与针对性。台湾淫秽犯罪立法则有法网细密、便于操作的特点 ,其对嫖宿未成年人、传播性病、猥亵等犯罪的立法值得借鉴。     

试析有组织犯罪的演变特征及存在形态

我国有关黑社会性质组织犯罪的立法虽经多次修订和司法解释，不仅仍难以消除理论上的纷争和执法上的不统一，而且客观上也难以发挥遏制有组织犯罪发展的功能。立法与司法的这种无为状态，表面上看只是立法规范的表述问题，实质上则是因这一刑事规范本身缺乏坚实的事实基础导致在立法观念与规范设计上出现重大缺陷。科学立法的基础在于把握力图调控的犯罪事实特征及其本土性的现实反映。唯有如此j才能确立科学的有组织犯罪观念，并不断地完善有效打击有组织犯罪的法律制度。     

The BT Kemi Scandal and the Establishment of the Environmental Crime Concept

This study analyses the significance of the 1977 BT Kemi scandal in Teckomatorp, Sweden for the establishment of the concept of 'environmental crime', first in the public debate and then later in legislation. The BT Kemi scandal is analysed as a 'focusing event' that placed the relationship between environmental pollution, responsibility, legislation and penal sanctions firmly on the political agenda. Several commissions of inquiry were established as a consequence, and in 1981 the Environmental Protection Act was revised and environmental crimes were included in the penal code. This tightening of the legislation had very little effect in practice, however, and this study examines why these legislative changes had so little practical impact. Attention is focused on the historical and societal contexts in which Swedish environmental legislation during the 1960s, as an explanation of why environmental crime has been and remains such a marginalized phenomenon. Shared mentalities in the area of environmental protection, which have evolved over time within public sector agencies and the private sector, coupled with an unequal emerged distribution of power and diffuse legislation, have obstructed the establishment of environmental crime. The BT Kemi scandal was a decisive factor in the coming of age of environmental offending, but it nonetheless takes time before a new form of crime becomes 'self-evident' and accepted as such in the wider society.     

Motive,Action, and Confusions in the Debate over Hate Crime Legislation

In this article I argue that the objections against hate crimes defined as separate offenses and in terms of group animus are misguided and are based upon a mistaken view of human action that does not see motives as constituent parts of complex actions. If we are going to have hate crimes legislation, there are no good formal reasons keeping us from having distinct offenses for hate crimes or from having ones defined in terms of group animus. My goal is to clear up a number of action-theoretical confusions that have led some theorists and jurists to raise objections that draw attention away from the real crux of the debate over hate crime legislation. Initially, I defend several considerations that weigh against an understanding of hate crimes legislation as being concerned exclusively or even primarily with character, belief, or motive. These considerations in turn help undercut the related concern that hate crime legislation violates free speech protections.     

从危害国家安全罪看俄罗斯的刑事政策

俄罗斯联邦刑事政策指导刑事立法,反映国家的犯罪态势和预防犯罪的对策。随着经济全球化,刑事立法也被置于国际大背景中。侵害宪法制度基本原则和国家安全的犯罪较为典型地诠释了俄罗斯当前人道主义导向的刑事政策和刑法保护价值观的调整,突出了俄联邦刑事立法上法网严密、刑罚宽缓的特点,符合国际上预防犯罪和改造罪犯的目的。刑事政策是社会历史发展的产物,是社会政策的一部分,其新旧更迭变化和发展也必然符合历史规律和社会进步的需要。     

论枉法裁决罪的认定(下)

《刑法修正案(六)》第20条规定的罪名,是枉法裁决罪,而非枉法仲裁罪,称为枉法仲裁罪易致误解,并极易扩大修正案确定的适用范围。基于仲裁与诉讼的诸多不同,在枉法裁决罪的认定和适用上,不能简单地参照民事、行政枉法裁判罪的标准,而应在协调与仲裁立法(含《仲裁法》、《民事诉讼法》)及国际公约内容内在逻辑一致性的基础上,从严把握枉法裁决罪的犯罪构成及定案标准。     

The Scope of Serious Crime and Preventive Justice

I first offer an account of serious crime that goes beyond victimizing crimes committed by individuals against other individuals. This approach extends the well-known framework offered by von Hirsch and Jareborg to include crimes undermining welfare-producing institutions. I then consider how the seriousness of crime justifies preventive measures, including the criminalization of acts preparatory to the commission of serious crime. I shall defend preventive measures, including highly intrusive ones, for the most serious crimes, such as terrorism in the form of mass killing, but I shall take issue with very expansive conceptions of serious crime that include what are intuitively much less serious offenses than terrorism or murder. In England and Wales, the Serious Crime Act (2007) lists relevant types of serious crime in its Schedule 1. This and other pieces of serious crime legislation in the UK are discussed critically.     

国际犯罪与涉外犯罪、跨国犯罪关系辨析——以基础概念解析为进路

国际犯罪与涉外犯罪、跨国犯罪之间虽然在起源上具有不可磨灭的历史渊源,但它们在内容上并不具有同一或者包容关系,而是一种即相互交叉又彼此保持一定独立性的关系。只有当涉外犯罪、跨国犯罪具有"国际性"时,即它们的危害性达到国际刑法所要求的严重程度时,才能上升为国际犯罪。而在国际犯罪中,除了具有国际性的涉外犯罪和跨国犯罪外,还包括具有国际性的既不属于涉外犯罪又不属于跨国犯罪的单纯的国内犯罪。     

对不作为犯罪的思考

本文认为 ,从罪刑法定与民主法制建设的要求分析 ,都有必要以立法形式解决不作为犯的处理问题 ,并提出了相应的立法建议。     

现代西方国家性犯罪立法的特点与趋向--关于完善我国当前性犯罪立法的一点思考

受女权运动和性革命的影响,现代西方国家性犯罪立法正经历着重要的变革,从而在性犯罪的定位、性犯罪的主体和犯罪对象、"性交"的内涵、犯罪处理机制等方面呈现出新的特点,同时通奸为罪的传统日益弱化,乱伦有罪传统获得保留,对未成年人的权利保护正在加强.面对我国当前性立法落后的现实,我们必须立足中国实际,借鉴西方立法经验,全面完善我国的性犯罪立法.     

跨国性网络犯罪行为及其立法

互联网的虚拟无国界性使得网络犯罪呈现跨国性特点。跨国性网络犯罪行为主要包括以互联网为对象实施的犯罪、以互联网为工具实施的犯罪和其他与互联网关联的犯罪。鉴于网络犯罪的跨国性 ,国际社会应通过国际刑事立法方式协调打击网络犯罪。     

单位犯罪存在范围的批判性反思

市场经济的进一步发展催生出了更多的单位犯罪,我国1997年《刑法》正式将单位确定为犯罪主体,这对于打击单位犯罪具有里程碑式的意义。但是,由于立法层面上没有兼顾单位犯罪与自然人犯罪之间的逻辑平衡,加之刑法理论界相关研究的匮乏,导致在司法层面上对单位犯罪的认定各行其是,以致使得刑事司法难以应对诸多的新型单位犯罪。因此,针对单位犯罪研究与司法操作的混乱局面,深入探究单位犯罪与自然人犯罪的关系,进而全面思索刑事立法对于单位犯罪加以干预范围的明确化和视角转换问题,对于完善单位犯罪刑法规制体系具有立法和理论研究的必要性和前瞻性。     

North American Organised Crime

The Italian-American mafia is one of the most enduring images of organised crime, but separating fictional images of organised crime from the real thing has not been easy. Overall, organised crime is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand. Its continuing existence is maintained through the use of force, threats, monopoly control, and/or the corruption of public officials. The past 20 years have seen a decline in the influence of Italian-American organised crime in the US, but this has been offset by the rise of other forms of organised crime, not least groups from the former USSR. Meanwhile, the Canadian underworld is dominated by Asian groups, East European groups, Italian groups, and outlaw motorcycle gangs. The major organised crime groups in Mexico are extended networks composed of Mexican nationals living in Mexico, Mexican-Americans, and Mexican immigrants living in the United States, operating as competing networks in the illicit drug business from supply, to transit, to destination and buyers.     

贪污贿赂犯罪的数额问题研究

刑法规定的数额标准与司法实践不相适应的问题、影响刑罚轻重的数额等级划分不合理的问题及犯罪的数额起点问题是困扰我国刑事立法与司法实践的重大问题之一,我国贪污贿赂犯罪的数额起点应当进一步降低乃至取消而不是提高。贪污贿赂犯罪刑罚的数额等级应当进一步细分,情节规定应当具体化。贪污贿赂犯罪的数额法定是十分必要的,不能因为与司法实践脱节而否认其合理性。完善我国现行刑法贪污贿赂犯罪应当沿着数字化、具体化方向发展,凡是可以量化的一定要量化,基于我国的国情需要最大限度地减少模糊性、不确定性。     

惩治战争罪的国内军事立法问题研究

研究战争罪国内立法的理论与实践问题,对帮助国家领导者的正确决策,履行国家的国际承诺,震撼潜在的危及和平的争端和情势等方面具有不可低估的作用。惩治战争罪有国际惩治和国内惩治两种模式。适用国内惩治战争罪是我国相当时期内的现实选择。我国目前有关战争罪国内惩治的法律规定尚存在缺陷之处,需要从立法上予以补充和完善。     

Elections and the Fear of Crime: the Case of France and Italy

Recent elections in France (2002 and 2007) and Italy (2008) were won on a law and order platform. This article asks why, and compares the strategies used by the new governments to implement their election promises. The goals are the same: to increase security and lower fear of crime levels, but there are noticeable differences in the perception of the underlying causes, such as the role played by illegal immigration. The solutions proposed also vary. France relies on increased police efficiency and more coercive legislation, whereas Italy favours almost exclusively emergency legislation including the deployment of 3500 soldiers. Prevention is not a priority in either country.     

单位犯罪责任构造的反思与检讨

我国单位犯罪立法实行的是一种"严而不厉"的立法政策,但因对单位犯罪的形态结构存在误识,落于在一个犯罪行为的框架内寻求规制犯罪单位和犯罪单位成员刑事责任的窠臼,从而导致立法理念与司法实践的诸多矛盾与冲突。因此,有必要重识单位犯罪的形态结构。单位犯罪是一种特殊的犯罪聚合体,它包含两个犯罪:一个是单位成员犯罪,这是实在的犯罪;另一个是单位自身犯罪,这是拟制的犯罪。单位自身犯罪和单位成员犯罪之间密切联系,但是二者并非共同犯罪,而是独立的两个犯罪行为。既然单位犯罪是两个犯罪行为,那么单位与单位成员就是并列、独立的两个犯罪主体,其各自的刑事责任应相互分离。