中美贸易救济制度比较及反思

随着经济全球一体化脚步的加快,国际贸易的发展势头也愈来愈强劲.全球化这把双刃剑在给融入国际贸易体制的国家尤其是发展中国家带来更多机会的同时,也不可避免地带来了新的风险与不公平.近年来,国际贸易救济规则不公平竞争、贸易壁垒、贸易保护主义势头愈发猛烈.;因此,对中关贸易救济制度进行比较,为我国贸易救济制度的完善提供可借鉴的经验,是法学界的重要研究课题之一.     

Trade and environment negotiations in the WTO: Asian perspectives

For developing countries, aid cannot replace trade. Mutually supportive trade and environmental policies should contribute to the realization of sustainable development. The purpose of this paper is to identify the negotiating position of selected Asian developing countries on the World Trade Organization (WTO) Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE). This paper reviews their submissions and suggestions for the CTE with regard to its mandate on trade and environment. In addition, using key trade statistics, it explores the relationship between their negotiating positions and changes in the structure of international trade in Asia. While the CTE has brought about no specific results concerning its mandate, the negotiating positions of developing countries are changing sharply. In particular, Asian developing countries now participate proactively in CTE negotiations. This paper shows the diversity of views held by Asian countries on trade and environment. In some cases, their views are opposed to each other. It can also be observed that the negotiating position of each Asian country at the CTE is closely related to its own trade structure. In accordance with national patterns of trade structure, NIEs, China and India have their own distinct negotiating positions whereas Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries have not taken the same stance in the CTE negotiations. Each member of ASEAN presents separate views depending on the nature of the issue.

欧盟技术法规体系的建设及对中国的启示

由于技术性贸易壁垒具有合理性、复杂性、隐蔽性和灵活性等特点,其越来越受到各国重视和应用,正在逐步成为国际贸易非关税壁垒中的主要形式,对国际贸易的影响越来越大。世界贸易组织承认各国为了正当目标制定本国技术法规的权力,但条件是不能用这些措施作为变相限制国际贸易的手段。随着经济全球化和贸易自由化的发展,以技术法规和标准为核心的技术性贸易壁垒屡见不鲜,作为世界上最大的发展中国家,中国面临越来越多的贸易技术壁垒的挑战,建立并完善我国技术法规体系是发展的需要,是形势的要求。同时,我国的法制建设也进入了进一步深化的阶段,这是我国完善技术法规体系的最好时机。为此,我国应该按照WTO/TBT协议的要求赋予技术法规和标准新的内涵,借鉴欧盟所确立的完备、周密、层次清晰、相互配套的技术法规体系来建立和完善我国的技术法规体系。     

China and India’s participation in global climate negotiations

In this paper, we discuss a range of issues concerning developing country participation in current global climate change mitigation negotiations, especially India and China. We argue that the problem of redefining ‘common yet differentiated responsibilities’ in a way which allows developing countries room to pursue their individual development goals while still achieving the necessary level of carbon mitigation is central to the debate. The choice of negotiating instruments, effective technology transfer and financial support, and other related issues have been raised principally by China and India, and may also be raised by several other countries. Kyoto non-compliance by Annex 1 countries will also greatly impact the negotiating power of China and India and other developing countries. We conclude that, once basic principles are clearly defined, the greatest incentive for China and India to participate in climate change negotiations is the prospect of future negotiating rounds that can be linked to a large number of climate change related issues, such as intellectual property, the potential for financial transfers and trade/market access.     

发展中国家贸易与环境法律问题对策研究

所谓贸易与环境的法律问题 ,实际上是指制订和实施何种国际贸易规则和环境政策 ,才能使国际贸易既不影响环境 ,又能促进各国经济的发展。就广大发展中国家而言 ,它们既要积极参与贸易全球化和自由化进程 ,冲破发达国家设置的种种市场准入障碍 ,又要注意保护环境。为此 ,包括中国在内的广大发展中国家应当在坚持国家环境权的前提下 ,灵活采取各种环境政策和措施 ,以达到发展经济、保护环境的目的。     

我国积极应对绿色壁垒的法律对策

随着可持续发展理念的深入人心以及全球性环境保护运动的开展,加之贸易保护主义的抬头,绿色壁垒作为一种技术性贸易壁垒的新形式为广大发达国家所利用,这对发展中国家特别是我国的对外贸易提出了挑战。本文分析了绿色壁垒的涵义、成因及表现形式,指出了绿色壁垒对我国的影响,提出了我国应对绿色壁垒的法律对策。     

我国绿色壁垒的制度缺失及其危害初探

发达国家的绿色壁垒极大地限制了发展中国家的产品出口,这是近年来国际贸易中出现的一个新问题,其发展势头十分迅猛。我国入世后,它已成为我国发展对外贸易的最大障碍之一。由于各种复杂原因,目前我国绿色壁垒制度还存在着严重缺失,主要表现是绿色环境标志制度、绿色技术标准制度、绿色认证制度、绿色补贴制度、绿色卫生检疫制度及禁止污染转移等制度存在着严重缺位或尚不健全。这给我国经济发展乃至人民的健康状况造成了重大损害。如何建立和完善这一法律制度是急需探讨的课题。     

国际贸易与国际劳工标准问题的历史演进及理论评析

国际劳工标准应否与国际贸易挂钩的争论由来已久,该问题依然是国际贸易谈判中的焦点问题之一,其实质在于发达国家意欲将国际劳工标准作为新的贸易保护手段。发达国家与发展中国家争议的理论依据是解读这一问题的关键。我国应加强国内劳动立法和执法,克服与避免此类贸易摩擦。     

FTA中数字知识产权规则研究

自从多哈回合谈判陷入僵局之后,各国开始积极谈判自由贸易协议,其中包含的国际经济贸易规则与WTO体系中的国际经济贸易规则有所不同,有学者将这种情形描述为"国际经济贸易规则重构"。知识产权规则作为国际经济贸易规则中的重要部分,各国在此领域的利益各不相同,体现于这些自由贸易协议中的具体规则也各有侧重。其中,网络技术发展作为对知识产权规则的发展变化有所影响的因素,也是各国在签订自由贸易协议时不可忽视的因素之一。在分析几个具有代表性的自由贸易协议中的数字知识产权规则的基础上,可以观察其中数字知识产权保护标准,结合实际情况讨论我国应当作何应对,从而更好地构建我国主导FTA法律框架中相应的知识产权规则。     

Four Lessons for Developing Countries from the Trade Negotiations Over Access to Medicines

After the Agreement on the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) came into operation in 1995 developing countries have found themselves in a process of continual negotiation over intellectual property rights and access to medicines. These negotiations have taken place in the World Trade Organization and in the context of free trade agreements. The paper suggests that the only real win for developing countries has been the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health in 2001. What have been the lessons for developing countries in a decade of negotiations over access to medicines? Drawing on themes of rule complexity and regulatory ritualism the paper discusses four key lessons for developing countries. It concludes by arguing that developing countries will do better if they adopt a networked governance approach to negotiation rather than continuing to rely on traditional coalition formation.     

国际贸易中的人权问题——以发展权为视角

发展权是当代人权的核心内容,目前的主要问题是发展中国家的发展问题.国际贸易中劳工标准、产品质量标准、环境保护标准以及药品价格等的确立不仅影响发展中国家许多有关个人的经济、社会和文化权利的实现,而且还影响发展中国家以环境权、可持续发展等为内容的集体人权的发展.国际贸易应坚持非歧视原则,促进发展权的实现.     

Iterative pricing for planning foreign trade

In many industrialized countries there exist large idle production capacities. Conceivably, these might be used for increased economic aid to developing countries and for the stimulation of trade with incompletely convertible currency territories. Concurrently, a stimulation of the economic development of the industrialized countries might be achieved. In developing countries, there may be need for using available export resources in an efficient way to obtain required imports. In the Soviet sphere of influence, there is the problem of how the state foreign trade monopolies should allocate available export quantities and scarce convertible currencies, so as to obtain required import quantities. Related problems were encountered by Western boards of trade after the war in allocating import and export licences. This paper deals with the problem how to attain efficient allocations in foreign trade with the help of modern electronic computational technique. The computational system may be developed to account for inter-industry relations and industrial investments in order to achieve a high rate of economic growth.     

当代知识产权制度发展的形势和特点

知识产权已成为一个全球性问题和世界热点问题。当代知识产权制度发展的形势和特点主要表现在以下几方面:知识产权与贸易直接相关并成为贸易本身的标的、知识产权成为发达国家跨国公司垄断技术和市场的重要手段、知识产权与国际政治经济紧密相连并出现全球保护主义和独占主义思想、发展中国家和发达国家在知识产权保护方面存在激烈冲突、知识产权国际化趋势进一步增强。     

发展中国家技术性贸易壁垒的发展走向及我国的对策

随着国际贸易的发展,技术性贸易壁垒越来越成为国际贸易中的重大障碍。发展中国家的技术性贸易壁垒在产生中存在很强的被动性,技术性贸易壁垒的法律和程序体制不健全且缺乏必要的透明度,在实施技术性贸易壁垒的过程中协调性也差。但是我们也应当注意到发展中国家正在通过自身的努力和广泛参与国际合作,技术性贸易壁垒的发展速度不断加快,制度也越来越完善,与发达国家差距将不断缩小。我们应当吸取它们的经验,完善我国的技术性贸易壁垒体系,积极应对国外的技术性贸易壁垒。     

TRIPS-plus条款的扩张及中国的应对策略——以药品的专利保护为视角

近年以来,美国与欧盟等发达国家利用TRIPS协议的弹性规定,在与其他国家签订的自由贸易协定中大量加入TRIPS-plus条款。这些条款通过对TRIPS的拓展以及限制来提高知识产权保护标准,在药品的专利保护领域尤为突出。实践证明,TRIPS-plus条款严重影响了发展中国家药品的可及性。我国作为大量依靠仿制药品的发展中国家,在国内立法以及签署自由贸易区协定等国际条约时,应当对TRIPS-plus条款保持高度警惕,审慎引入专利链接制度,为数据独占保护设置限制条件,保留强制许可、平行进口等TRIPS允许的弹性条款,尽量为国内政策预留一些选择空间。     

论我国技术转让法律制度的完善——以美欧在WTO相关诉告为背景

为遏制我国进一步发展,美国和欧盟相继在WTO起诉我国存在“强制技术转让”。在澄清国内法律与WTO规则相符性的同时,我国已意识到完善技术转让法律制度的内生需要与此次美欧起诉具有相关性:我国并未出台专门的技术转让法,有关措施散见于诸多法律条文而妨碍了制度的整体效用。此外,我国未全面利用WTO例外规定对发展中国家的保护,致使本国劣势企业负担过高义务。为创设公平的技术转让法治环境并避免发达国家滥用技术保护,我国需整合有关法律规范,修正过时规定,依据技术转让所涉的贸易和投资不同属性区别立法,并积极通过国际规则寻求优惠待遇。     

WTO贸易政策评审机制: 作用证明价值,挑战尚待回应

WTO贸易政策评审机制在增强各成员方贸易政策的透明度,改善国际贸易环境,减少贸易纠纷等方面发挥了重要的作用。这一机制也面临着一系列挑战,包括成员方数量增加对评审周期的冲击,如何保证发展中国家的利益;区域和双边安排对贸易政策评审机制的冲击,如何加强贸易政策评审,多边谈判和争端解决三大机制的联系和协作等。完善机制的建议包括改变评审周期,对小国进行集体评审,增加评审的人力资源,帮助发展中国家进行能力建设,缩减秘书处报告等。这种评析对我国参与贸易政策评审会有所裨益。     

The Case for a Multilateral Agreement on Competition Policy: A Developing Country Perspective

Although the issue of trade and competition policy has beendropped from the Work Programmes of the Doha Round of WorldTrade Organization (WTO) negotiations, it continues to be discussedin other fora and may return to the WTO after the completionof the Round. This article assesses the case for an agreementfrom the perspective of developing countries. It begins by reviewingthe ‘development dimension’ of the WTO debate andthen examines three specific antitrust issues that were of considerablerelevance to developing countries but were not pursued: exportcartels, anti-dumping and intellectual property rights (IPRs).There follows a critical assessment of the empirical and theoreticalarguments for the kind of agreement that was being advocatedto deal with international cartels. Alternative proposals, involvingdeveloping countries ‘outsourcing’ antitrust enforcementto developed countries, are also sceptically examined, as isthe relevance for developing countries of the kind of competitionpolicy that is currently in place in developed countries. Finally,a general approach to international trade agreements suggeststhat developing countries had nothing to gain from the proposalthat was on the table, and the article concludes by proposinga range of more suitable alternatives.     

WTO《农业协定》及农产品贸易规则执行评价（上）

2008年7月29日在日内瓦持续9天的多哈回合部长会议谈判，由于未能在关键的农业问题上达成一致，无果而终。通过对十余年来《农业协定》及农产品贸易规则的执行情况进行回顾，全面分析发达国家及发展中国家执行协定的情况，找出各自的特点、存在的问题与不足，探讨谈判失败的原因和教训。第一部分分析发达国家的执行情况及农产品贸易特点；通过分析美国陆地棉案评价美国农产品补贴制度的实质以及专家纽裁决的意义。第二部分分析发展中国家的执行情况及农产品贸易特点。第三部分分析中国《农业协定》的执行情况，农产品贸易特点以及中国的立场。     

发展中国家应对美国碳关税策略分析

美国众议院2009年6月底通过了《美国清洁能源安全法案》。法案允许美国对来自没有采取与美国相当的温室气体减排措施国家的高能耗、初级进口产品征收"碳关税"。这对于经济技术水平明显落后于发达国家的发展中国家而言,无疑又是一种新的贸易壁垒。对此,发展中国家应该积极行动,通过建立南北自由贸易区、推动在联合国框架内的气候谈判以及积极参与碳标准制定等方式积极寻求对美国"碳关税"壁垒的突破。在减排与贸易、环保与经济增长间寻得平衡发展。