宪法与宪政建设研究

宪政建设与法治建设浑然一体的国家建设,二者密不可分。在法治建设进程中,宪政建设的水平和法治建设的水平紧密联系。依法治国是现代民主国家的标志,宪政建设是依法治国的核心,依法治国本质上就是依据宪法治国;宪法和宪政建设有着紧密的联系。本文从宪法与宪政的关系入手,探讨在中国进行宪政建设的必要性和基本途径,探讨宪政制度的建构。     

和谐社会的宪政价值

和谐社会乃宪政国家之基础。所谓和谐社会的宪政价值,即指和谐社会的建构对于宪政国家建设的助动性和积极性。这种助动性和积极性集中体现为和谐社会的建构有助于宪政国家所必需的社会基础和社会环境的形成。因为,构建和谐社会,就是要促使社会各阶层的融合与团结,就是要推动社会与政府之间的良性互动与合作,就是要塑造公平与正义的公民文化,就是要构建规范、民主与法治的社会机制。而所有这些,都是宪政国家建设不可或缺的基本条件。     

政治文明建设与民主、法治、宪政、人权

修改宪法写入政治文明建设及国家尊重和保障人权条款,标志着我国社会主义民主、法治、宪政、人权事业进入一个新的建设时期。本文论述了对我国政治文明建设的理解及其与民主、法治、宪政、人权的关系,并对存在的问题作出了分析。     

宪政视野下政治制度文明的构建

政治制度文明是政治文明的核心,同时也是作为"良法"之治的宪政在政治文明中的积极体现。宪政以法治为基础,是法治的"高级"形态,法治为宪政提供了丰富的理论渊源,没有法治的国家制度框架不是真正意义上的宪政。因此,应从法治建设的角度来完善我国的宪政建设,从而加快推进我国的政治制度文明建设就显得尤为重要。     

中国宪政建设论要

认识宪政应当把握宪政初始的、本原的含义,即以宪法来合理分配和制约权力。而判断宪政的基本标准就是宪法是否得到认真实施。宪政建设是建设法治国家、建设政治文明以及制度强国、兴国的必由之路。要加强中国的宪政建设,必须认真对待宪法,高度重视宪法的监督实施;必须加强和改善人民代表大会制度;必须高度重视宪政的具体制度、具体程序的建设;必须切实加强和改善党的领导,发展党内民主;必须借鉴人类政治文明的有益成果。     

进一步推进依法治国基本方略实施

1997年党的十五大正式确立依法治国为治国的基本方略。1999年全国人大通过宪法修正案,将“依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家”写入宪法,从根本大法的高度确立了依法治国基本方略和建设社会主义法治国家的重要目标。这是中国在宪政体制上彻底否定人治,坚定不移地走上法治道路的划时代的进步。这一我国法治建设史上极其重大的历史事件值得我们纪念。     

正当程序的宪政之维

正当程序作为宪法的基本原则，已经得到现代法治国家的普遍认可。它对一国宪政的发展具有树立宪法权威、建构法治、控制权力和保障人权等价值。针对我国的宪政现状，应从改造人们的程序观念、增加宪法的程序性条款、完善我国的程序法律和程序控权与保权的制度设计等几个方面入手构造正当程序，以推动我国宪政建设走上更成熟的道路。     

论国家义务的理论渊源:现代公共性理论

本文基于现代公共性理论的基本特质,阐释了公共交往是联结公民与公民伦理概念的基本向度,公民伦理是法治国社会正义基本观念的核心,它是构建国家义务坚实的伦理基础;公共领域是现代宪政的社会根基,它在民主、法治和人权三方面实践着宪政理想;哈贝马斯的沟通理论、商谈民主为民主宪政体制生成规范性证立方案,为构建国家义务预设了宪政设计思路;现代公共性理论特有的开放性特质,则是诠释国家义务成因的深层动力基础。     

论社会宪政

社会宪政既不同于传统的国家宪政,也不同于所谓的＂新宪政＂论,它是以规范和调控社会公权力为核心的宪政形式。国家公共领域和社会公共领域并存的公共领域二元化结构是社会宪政的社会学基础,社会公权力和人性尊严的密切相关是社会宪政的价值论基础,人性的善恶双重性是社会宪政的人性论基础,国家宪政对社会宪政的兼容性是社会宪政的政治学基础。在价值层面,社会宪政遵循民主、法治、人权的基本理念;在制度层面,社会宪政主要由社会民主制度、社会公权力制约制度和社会公权力保障人权制度构成。在全球＂社团革命＂浪潮冲击下,社会宪政是我国宪政建设的重要组成部分。     

论消极法治和积极法治的互动与平衡

本文提出了“消极法治”与“积极法治”这一对概念 ,通过对西方国家法治历史发展的分析 ,指出其经历了一个从消极法治到积极法治的过程 ,并考察了这两种不同状态的法治对宪政建设的作用 ,认为从法治进化的角度出发 ,实现两种法治的互动与平衡 ,是当今法治发展可以选择的基本模式 ,也是当代中国法治建设的基本途径。我们应在肯定积极法治的同时 ,充分吸收消极法治的合理因素 ,通过两种法治的互动 ,推进中国的法治建设。     

Service connection of dental conditions for treatment purposes. Department of Veterans Affairs. Final rule

This document amends the Department of Veterans Affairs adjudication regulations for determining whether dental conditions are service-connected for purposes of eligibility for outpatient dental treatment. This amendment clarifies requirements for service connection of dental conditions and provides that VA will consider certain dental conditions service-connected for treatment purposes if they are shown in service after a period of 180 days.     

正交设计在实时定量PCR检测条件优化中的应用

目的探索正交设计在实时定量PCR检测条件优化中的应用，找出扩增ICAM-1基因的最佳条件。方法建立大鼠皮肤损伤模型，采用正交设计实时定量PCR的各影响条件，提取损伤处皮肤组织总RNA反转录成cDNA，cDNA作为模板，通过特异性引物扩增ICAM-1基因。对扩增曲线和融解曲线制定评分标准，量化不同实验条件下的扩增结果并进行统计分析。结果退火温度、模板量和引物浓度直接影响扩增效果，但三因素间无相互作用。结果经统计学分析表明退火温度61℃、模板cDNA用量0．4μg和引物终浓度150μmol／L为实时定量PCR检测ICAM-1基因的最佳条件组合。结论正交设计是一种切实可行、快速经济的实时定量PCR检测条件优化方法。     

Performance evaluation of automated fingerprint identification systems for specific conditions observed in casework using simulated fingermarks

Few studies have been reported on the performance evaluation of automated fingerprint identification systems (AFIS) for fingermark-to-fingerprint comparisons. This paper aims to illustrate to fingerprint examiners the relevance of evaluating the AFIS performance under specific conditions by carrying out five types of performance tests. The conditions addressed are the number of minutiae assigned to a fingermark, manual and automatic assignment of the minutiae, the finger region from which the fingermark originates, the degree of distortion in the fingermark, and the difference in orientation between fingermarks and fingerprints. In these tests, the magnitude of the influence for each condition was quantified. The comparisons were performed using a research AFIS technology with simulated fingermarks. Simulated fingermarks provide a practical way to create fingermarks for specific conditions in large quantities. The results showed that each condition influences the performance significantly, emphasizing the relevance of developing, and applying performance tests for specific conditions.     

How Did Things Get So Bad So Quickly? An Assessment of the Initial Conditions of the War Against Organized Crime in Mexico

Objectives: This study explores the initial conditions of the current war against organized crime in Mexico. The theoretical framework is institutional anomie theory (IAT). Composite measures were used to summarize local initial conditions for the occurrence of organized crime deaths by gang execution, confrontation, and aggressions to authority. Spatial and temporal elements were included to assess the validity of the initial conditions approach. Evidence presented here suggests that Mexican states significantly differed in their initial conditions for organized crime deaths to have occurred. Also, although trends in gang executions and confrontations have been slowing down, aggressions to authority are speeding up considerably. The evidence presented corroborates IAT. However, the significance and direction of the relationships among institutional anomie correlates and initial conditions of the war against organized crime depended upon the type of death.     

Issues in Coverage for Preexisting Pollution Conditions under Pollution Liability Insurance Policies

Pollution liability insurance policies provide coverage for claims and costs associated with pollution conditions that develop and commence during the policy period. Coverage under such policies for claims arising from pollution conditions that existed before the policy incepted, however, varies significantly under different policy forms. This article addresses the two principal means that insurers have utilized to limit the risks associated with preexisting pollution conditions under pollution policies: the known conditions exclusion and retroactive date provisions. The article explains that these provisions have received mixed treatment in the courts and are likely to continue to be a focus of future coverage litigation involving environmental impairment liability and pollution legal liability policies.     

追捕条件的反思与重构

现行法律对逮捕条件的设置过于抽象,难以把握,易导致逮捕的随意性。建议对逮捕条件进行全面修改,作分列式规定。首先,将证据条件修改为"基本犯罪事实已经查清";其次,根据刑法分则所规定的每个犯罪的法定刑,将犯罪划分为重罪、次重罪和轻罪,并相应规定应当逮捕、可以逮捕、不予逮捕三种情形。第三,相应地明确规定逮捕后的羁押期限。     

重构我国商标注册实质条件

商标注册的实质条件是商标法最重要的制度之一.我国商标注册实质条件的相关规定存在严重缺陷:过于分散,缺乏体系性;条款众多,缺乏逻辑性;用语不精炼,缺乏准确性;不同条款之间存在内在的矛盾,缺乏合理性等.然而,商标法修订草案未采取措施弥补这些缺陷.《商标法》第三次修改应正视这些问题,重构我国商标注册的实质条件.     

What drives ICT clustering in European cities?

ICT clusters have attracted much attention because of their rapid growth and their value for other economic activities. Using a nested multi-level model, we examine how conditions at the country level and at the city level affect ICT clustering activity in 227 cities across 22 European countries. We test for the influence of three country regulations (starting a business, registering property, enforcing contracts) and two city conditions (proximity to university, network density) on ICT clustering. We consider heterogeneity within the sector and study two types of ICT activities: ICT product firms and ICT content firms. Our results indicate that country conditions and city conditions each have idiosyncratic implications for ICT clustering, and further, that these can vary by activities in ICT products or ICT content manufacturing.     

外国公务员惩戒制度与借鉴

外国公务员惩戒制度的主要内容包括惩戒的条件、惩戒的形式、惩戒机关、惩戒程序和不服惩戒的救济 ;比较一致的特点有 :惩戒条件的概括性、惩戒形式的多样性、惩戒机构的双轨制和惩戒程序的严格性 ;对中国而言 ,值得借鉴的经验有 :公务员惩戒制度应高度规范化 ;责、权、罚相适应的规则体系是合法惩戒的根本 ;宽严适中、层次分明的惩戒条件和形式是合理惩戒的重要条件 ;完备严格的程序是惩戒发生预期作用的保障。     

Understanding the links between perceived prison conditions and prison staff

In the Dutch prison system, motivational treatment is seen as one of the key contributors to a dignified and humane prison climate, stimulating inmates to assume personal responsibility and to change their lives. Staff are seen as the crucial factor to attaining this goal. The assumption is that the staff’s work situation has an impact on how inmates are treated. How inmates are treated in turn influences how they perceive prison conditions. In this study, we will examine the correlations between work situation, treatment styles and perceived prison conditions by means of a multilevel linear regression. The results show that a good work situation for prison staff is a precondition for practicing an active approach to inmates. In addition, inmates are more satisfied with the prison conditions if the various treatment styles are thoroughly applied. A balance between providing support and structure for inmates appears to be very important. Motivational treatment proves to be significantly correlated to the inmates’ satisfaction regarding prison conditions.