证券交易制度与股票价格探析

报价驱动系统和指令驱动系统是证券市场的两种主要交易制度。本把证券交易过程描述成为博弈模型，从而分析股票价格的形成机理。     

Regulatory Agencies—The Challenges of Balancing Agency Autonomy and Political Control

In this article we focus on the dynamic interplay between increase in autonomy of regulatory agencies and political control of those agencies. The general research issues are the weak empirical foundations of regulatory reforms, the complex trade‐off between political control and agency autonomy, the dual process of deregulation and reregulation, the problems of role‐specialization and coordination, and the questions of “smart practice” in regulatory policy and practice. The theoretical basis is agency theories and a broad institutional approach that blend national political strategies, historical‐cultural context, and external pressures to understand regulatory agencies and regulatory reform. This approach is contrasted with a practitioner model of agencies. Empirically the article is based on regulatory reform in Norway, giving a brief introduction to the reform and agency context followed by an analysis of the radical regulatory reform policy introduced recently by the current Norwegian government. We illustrate how regulatory reforms and agencies work in practice by focusing on two specific cases on homeland security and telecommunications.     

Crossing the Organizational Void: The Limits of Agency Theory in the Analysis of Regulatory Control

This article critically examines the key assumptions of the positive theory of political control. The authors argue that the key assumptions of the theory are flawed and that these flaws seriously limit the importance of much research in the field of regulatory studies. The authors develop a set of new assumptions which would reorient the regulatory studies and force researchers to give greater attention to the role of the bureaucracy in political-bureaucratic relations.     

The European Parliament and the Commission Crisis: A New Assertiveness?

This article examines two claims made about the "Commission crisis" of 1999: first, that the accountability of the Commission to the European Parliament (EP) was significantly increased; and, second, that the model of parliamentary government in the European Union (EU) was advanced by events in 1999. In analyzing the crisis and its consequences, this article focuses upon the powers of dismissal and appointment, and what these powers reveal about the capacity of the EP both to hold the Commission responsible for its collective and individual actions and to influence its policy agenda. If a parliamentary model is to develop in the EU, the negative parliamentary powers of censure and dismissal have to be balanced by the positive powers of appointment and enhanced executive responsiveness. On both counts—dismissal and appointment—the 1999 "Commission crisis" did not point to the clear and unambiguous dawning of a "genuine European parliamentary democracy."     

The Volcker Commission Report Fades Away: A Case Study in Non-implementation

The National Commission on the Public Service, commonly known as the Volcker Commission, was created to help combat a 'quiet crisis' in the United States' federal civil service. The commission made a series of recommendations to strengthen the civil service. With few exceptions, these recommendations have not made their way into law. This examination of the work of the task forces on education and training and on recruitment and retention, in the framework of Daniel Mazmanian and Paul Sabatier's implementation model, focuses on what happened to the Volcker report and why it happened. It concludes with recommendations on what might be done differently in future efforts to strengthen the civil service.     

The Base Closure and Realignment Commission: A Rational or Political Decision Process?

This article examines the Base Closure and Realignment Commission's (BRAC) decision process. It uses as a case study the BRAC's reversal of the Defense Department's recommendation concerning the east coast air mobility wing. The analysis reviews decision theory, the rational and political decision models, and the financial implications of the reversal decision.     

全球化时代中国的制度创新:来自意识形态的深刻挑战及应对

改革开放以来,我们正是依靠马克思主义意识形态的创新指导了20多年的制度创新进程,在全球化浪潮冲击面前保持着当代中国改革向前推进的活力。但是,今天支撑中国制度创新的意识形态,面对深刻的全球化态势给我们带来的日益复杂的矛盾和问题,仍然更加需要自觉地进一步加强建设,才能继续支撑起今后长期的制度建设和创新。     

The Policy Sciences: The Challenge of Complexity

This essay reviews some of the recent criticisms of positivist science. It interprets this criticism, more generally, as directed towards the complexity of social science phenomena and the difficulty of dealing with complexity epistemologically and methodologically. Rather than ignoring complexity, changing the subject matter or explaining it away, we argue that complexity may be acknowledged and studied systematically withn the context of post-positivist approaches. The essay than proposes several strategies for conceptualizing and researching complexity (at a "meta-level" from substantive policy research) that are based in systems theory.     

中小企业如何面对“入世”的机遇和挑战

"入世"对于我国中小企业来说,即带来了机遇,也带来了新的挑战.面对这新的机遇和挑战,中小企业该如何去抓住机遇和迎接挑战,培养人才、转变观念、调整结构、驾驭信息、造就强势是中小企业应该努力的方向.     

Equality and Human Rights Commission: A Decade in the Making

This article traces the origins of the Commission over the decade before it opened its doors in October 2007, and the contentious debates and political trade-offs which led to its emergence in its current form; a history which throws light on the challenges it now faces. Inclusion of human rights in a 'single equality body', concessions on disability, the promise of a single Equality Act and the Commission's third arm, community relations, were major fault lines in debates complicated by devolution and fragmentation of responsibility in Whitehall but strengthened by an unusual degree of engagement with external stakeholders and by the scrutiny of the Joint Committee on Human Rights in Parliament. The outcome extends beyond establishment of a Commission with a powerful mandate. A process that began with separate equality interests competing to ensure their constituency did not lose out, fostered enthusiasm for collaboration to achieve the vision of society the Commission is tasked, by S3 Equality Act 2006, to deliver.'     

Structure, Agency and Ontological Confusion: A Response to Hay

Colin Hay's article 'King Canute and the "Problem" of Structure and Agency' aims to: (1) 'gain an interesting political analytical purchase on a seemingly familiar tale', and (2) 'generate a series of valuable and more general insights into our understanding of the structure–agency relationship'. I argue that he fails on both counts.     

Rethinking Agency: A Phenomenological Approach to Embodiment and Agentic Capacities

Agency has been central to modern conceptions of politics but it is a complicated and contested idea that seems to have fallen into both theoretical and historical crisis. I explore the underlying ideas that have grounded it, as well as some recent historical and theoretical challenges. I respond by advocating an ontological agnosticism regarding who or what exercises agency and suggest a spectrum of agentic capacities instead. Commending a phenomenological approach, I then suggest that agentic capacities emerge and interact across this spectrum. At one pole I envisage pre- personal, corporeal processes and at the other, a transpersonal, intersubjective interworld that requires a novel social ontology. I locate individual or collective agents in the middle of the spectrum where they emerge as contingent singularities. My aim here is to retain agency as a necessary ingredient of politics while eliminating the Cartesian presuppositions that have, for example, rendered the agency-structure debate irresolvable and supported a subjectivist account of agents that is no longer tenable. I show how all three dimensions of the spectrum have political significance and discuss examples to illustrate this.