珠海地区汉族人群10个Y-STR基因座的多态性

目的 调查珠海地区汉族人群10个Y-STR基因座及其单倍型的遗传多态性，探讨其法医学应用价值。方法 应用Y-PLEX荧光标记复合扩增系统，对珠海地区汉族200名无关男性个体进行10个Y-STR基因座的复合扩增，用ABI310型基因分析仪对扩增产物进行检测，统计10个Y-STR基因座的群体遗传学参数。结果 9个Y-STR基因座分别检出5、6、6、5、4、5、5、5、7个等位基因，DYS385基因座检出44种单倍型；GD值最低为0.3904(DYS391)，最高为0.9497(DYS385)；10个Y-STR基因座共同构成的单倍型161种，其中134种单倍型只出现1次，20种单倍型出现2次，3种单倍型出现3次，3种单倍型出现4次，1种单倍型出现5次，累计GD值为0.9948。结论 10个Y-STR基因座具有较高的个体识别能力，可应用于法庭科学中的个体识别与亲权鉴定。     

浙江汉族人群16个Y-STR基因座遗传多态性调查

目的进一步完善浙江省汉族人群Y-STR基因座遗传多态性研究,为其法医学应用提供基础数据。方法应用Y-filer荧光标记复合扩增系统,对浙江汉族203名无关男性个体进行16个STR基因座的复合扩增,统计各基因座的群体遗传学参数。结果其中15个Y-STR基因座分别检出4~13个等位基因,DYS385基因座检出47种单倍型,GD值为0.3918~0.9609;观察到16个Y-STR基因座共同构成的单倍型199种,其中196种单倍型出现1次,2种出现2次,1种出现3次,累计GD值为0.9998。结论16个Y-STR基因座具有较强的个体识别能力,适合浙江法庭科学应用。     

云南汉族人群11个Y-STR基因座遗传多态性调查及法医学应用

目的调查11个Y-STR基因座及其单倍型在云南汉族人群中的遗传多态性分布,探讨其法医学应用价值,为法医学应用提供基础数据。方法应用Powerplex!Y系统对云南汉族201名无关男性个体进行11个Y-STR基因座的复合扩增,用ABI310型基因分析仪对扩增产物进行检测,统计其群体遗传学参数。结果Powerplex!Y系统前10个Y-STR基因座分别检出3、5、6、8、5、4、5、8、4、7个等位基因,DYS385a/b基因座检出56种单倍型;GD值最低为0.4273(DYS438),最高为0.9747(DYS385a/b);观察到11个Y-STR基因座共同构成的单倍型175种,其中有154种单倍型只出现1次,16种出现2次,5种出现3次,累计GD值为0.9984。结论11个Y-STR基因座具有较强的个体识别能力,可应用于云南地区汉族人群的个体识别与亲权鉴定。     

荧光复合扩增检测3个Y—STR基因座单倍型

目的建立检测3个Y-STR基因座Y-GATA-A7.1、DYS456和DYS443的荧光复合扩增体系,并获取中国汉族人群单倍型频率分布。方法用荧光标记引物对郑州地区203名汉族男性无关个体进行3个基因座复合扩增,ABI3100型遗传分析仪检测、分型。结果Y-GATA-A7.1、DYS456和DYS443基因座分别检出5、6和6个等位基因,其基因多样性(GD值)分别为0.6692、0.5839和0.7053。三个基因座构成的单倍型共有44种,单倍型多样性(HD值)为0.9523。结论建立的3个Y-STR基因座荧光标记复合扩增系统具有很高的识别能力,可应用于法医学实践。     

武汉汉族群体3个多拷贝Y-STR基因座的遗传多态性

目的提供DYS385、DYS459和DYS464基因座的群体遗传学资料。方法用荧光标记引物及ABI 3100型基因分析仪对武汉地区176名汉族男性无关个体的DYS385、DYS459和DYS464 3个多拷贝Y-STR基因座进行分型。结果在DYS385和DYS459基因座的个体,可观察到1~2个不同长度的扩增产物;DYS464基因座个体,可观察到1~4个不同长度的扩增产物。DYS385基因座检出14个等位基因及47种单倍型,DYS459检出4个等位基因及7种单倍型,DYS464检出9个等位基因及51种单倍型,其单倍型多样性分别为0.9591、0.6047和0.9560。3个基因座构成的联合单倍型共有133种,其多样性值达0.9909。结论3个多拷贝Y-STR基因座均为高多态性的遗传标记,联合应用具有较高的个体分辨能力。     

浙江汉族人群5个Y-STR基因座的遗传多态性调查

目的　完善浙江省汉族人群Y STR基因座遗传多态性的频率调查 ,为法医学应用提供基础数据。方法　应用Y PLEXTM5荧光标记复合扩增系统 ,对浙江汉族 2 0 0名无关男性个体进行 5个STR基因座的复合扩增 ,用ABI310 0型基因分析仪对扩增产物进行检测 ,统计 5个Y STR基因座的群体遗传学参数。　结果DYS389Ⅰ、DYS389Ⅱ、DYS4 39、DYS4 38和DYS392基因座分别检出 4、7、5、4、6个等位基因 ,其GD值分别为0 5 86 8、0 7779、0 6 734、0 5 0 6 2和 0 6 32 8。观察到 5个Y STR基因座共同构成的单倍型 95种 ,其中有 5 4种单倍型只出现 1次 ,15种出现 2次 ,12种出现 3次 ,5种出现 4次 ,4种出现 5次 ,1种出现 6次 ,1种出现 7次 ,2种出现 8次 ,1种出现 11次 ,累计GD值为 0 992 0。结论　 5个Y STR基因座多态性分布较好 ,适合浙江法庭科学应用。     

3个Y-STR的复合扩增及其单倍型

目的 建立复合扩增Y-STR基因座的体系,获得广东汉族人的单倍型频率。方法 复合扩增DYS439、DYS437和DYS434三个基因座,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳银染法进行基因分型,检测广东汉族327名无关男性个体的单倍型。结果 3个基因座分别检出6个、4个和4个等位基因,共38种单倍型,其单倍型的个体识别率为0.8796。结论 Y-STR基因座复合扩增体系和建立的Y染色体STR数据库,在法医学鉴定中有应用意义。     

南京汉族人群24个Y-STR基因座的遗传多态性

目的调查DYS391等24个Y-STR基因座在南京汉族人群的遗传多态性,考察其在法医学中的应用价值。方法应用AGCU Y-PLUS(24)PCR试剂盒对南京580名汉族无关男性个体进行Y-STR基因座扩增检测分型,用软件计算24个基因座的基因频率等群体遗传学参数,并与湖北、辽宁、广东、北京、成都汉族人群数据进行比较。结果南京580名汉族无关男性个体在24个Y-STR基因座共发现580种单倍型,各基因座的基因多样性(GD)为0.294 6~0.939 8,单倍型多样性(HD)为0.983 7。六地人群GD值的差异有统计学意义。结论 DYS391等24个Y-STR基因座在南京地区有法医学价值,可用于案件检验及家系排查。     

河南汉族人群9个Y-STR基因座遗传多态性

本文对中国河南地区汉族102个健康无关个体进行9个Y-STR(DYS626、DYS504、DYS505、DYS576、DYS532、DYS594、DYS522、DYS540)基因座遗传多态性调查。采用苯酚-氯仿提取样本DNA,用2×Taq PCR MasterMix进行扩增及检测。结果在102个Y-STR基因座共检出101种单倍型,其中100种单倍型是唯一的,单倍型基因多样性为0.999 4。其分布符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律(P0.05)。所调查的河南汉族人群9个Y-STR基因座具有较好识别能力。     

北京汉族人群三个Y染色体STR基因座的遗传多态性研究

目的　获得DYS4 37,A7 1,H4三个Y染色体STR基因座及其单倍型在北京汉族人群中的遗传多态性分布 ,并探讨其法医学应用价值。方法　应用自行建立的Y STR 15 plex复合扩增体系 ,对用酚 /氯仿法提取的 132份北京地区汉族无关男性个体血样DNA样品进行复合扩增 ,用ABI310型遗传分析仪对扩增产物进行检测 ,统计分析 3个Y STR基因座的群体遗传学参数。结果　DYS4 37,A7 1,H4三个Y STR基因座在该群体中分别检出 4 ,5 ,4个等位基因 ,GD值分别为 0 4 977,0 6 731,0 5 42 0 ;观察到 32种单倍型 ,其中 17种单倍型出现 1次 ,最多 1种单倍型出现 2 0次 ,单倍型累积GD值为 0 9118。结论　 3个Y STR基因座具有较强的个体识别能力 ,在法医学个体识别和亲权鉴定中具有很高的应用价值     

Drugs in injured drivers in Denmark

As part of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL) under the European Commission's Transport RTD Programme of the 5th Framework Programme [I.M. Bernhoft, Drugs in accidents involved drivers in Denmark, D-R4.3 of the project Impaired Motorists, Methods Of Roadside Testing and Assessment for Licensing (IMMORTAL), www.immortal.or.at, 2005], a study regarding drugs in accident-involved drivers was carried out in Denmark. The main objectives of this study were: (1) to collect and analyse samples from injured drivers for the presence of drugs; (2) to give an indication whether drugs may have contributed to traffic accidents; and (3) to get information on the drug-positive drivers and their drug use. This paper focuses on objective 1. Injured drivers who were treated in hospital were asked to give a saliva sample, a blood sample or both. The samples were screened for the following substances: opiates, amphetamines, methamphetamines, incl. MDMA (ecstasy), cannabinoids and metabolites, cocaine and metabolites and benzodiazepines. Screenings were carried out by means of Cozart Microplate EIA kit. Positive screenings were confirmation analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) or liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). In total, 26 out of 330 patients were confirmed positive for one or more of the six drug groups. However, three patients were excluded from the survey for various reasons. Of the remaining 23 drug-positive patients 15 were found positive for one drug group, and in five of these cases alcohol was present in a concentration over the legal limit in Denmark (0.05%). The other eight patients were found positive for two drug groups, and in four of these cases, alcohol was also present in a concentration over the legal limit. Alcohol was found both in combinations with medicinal drugs, with illegal drugs and with both. Based on the saliva or blood concentrations, we estimate that there is a strong suspicion of impairment in 9 out of 23 cases, and in another six cases it was likely that the drivers were impaired.     

癫痫的神经病理学研究进展

癫是一种常见的脑疾病,可引起猝死,以往人们侧重于对癫脑电活动的研究,而近年来癫的神经病理学研究已成为临床和法医工作者的一个研究热点。本文依据一系列文献资料分别从癫的发育障碍、瘤性异常增殖、海马硬化、双重病理改变、苔藓纤维发芽等神经病理学变化方面进行综述,进而探讨其法医学意义,希望对癫猝死的法医病理学诊断提供一定的帮助。     

德国土地征收中的公共利益

德国《基本法》第14条将所有权作为宪法基本权利予以保护。该条公共利益条款的本质出发点是保护私人所有权。公共利益概念在德国土地征收法上依据通说认为应作狭义理解,非所有公共利益均可满足征收法上的要件。部门法对公共利益有明确规定。学说和实务界对公共利益概念主要在负面达成了一致。就所谓的商业征收并未一般性否定。公共利益本身也与征收的必要性紧密相关。     

当代国际行刑领域正在发生的变革

20世纪70年代由于监狱人满为患,重新犯罪率持续不降,很多国家开始在行刑领域进行改革。其基本内容包括:拓宽行刑目的,从矫正目的论发展到矫正、惩罚、帮助罪犯重返社会与剥夺多元目的论;改革监狱管理制度,从实施累进处遇制发展到推行危险管理制度;变革矫正制度,将"传统矫正"制度发展为"项目矫正"。我国需要研究国际社会在行刑领域的行刑变革理论与实践。     

当前我国金融刑法中存在的问题探究

金融刑法是随着我国金融业的发展而逐步建立和发展起来的。到目前为止，我国已形成了较完备的金融刑法体系。由于我国金融业起步晚，发展远不够成熟，当前我国金融刑法中仍存在一些问题。本文试对我国金融刑法中金融犯罪的范围、金融刑法的罚金刑、金融犯罪的数罪并罚等问题略作探讨，以期对金融刑法的立法与司法有所裨益。     

Fatal poisoning in drug addicts in the Nordic countries in 2007

The frequency of medico-legally examined fatal poisonings in 2007 among drug addicts was investigated in five Nordic countries; Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The number of deaths, age, sex, place of death, main intoxicant, and other drugs present in blood samples were recorded to obtain national and comparable Nordic data, as well as data to compare with earlier studies in 2002, 1997, and 1991. Norway had the highest incidence of drug addict deaths by poisoning followed by Denmark, with 8.24 and 6.92 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The death rates in Finland (4.02), Iceland (4.56), and Sweden (3.53) were about half that of Norway and Denmark. Compared with earlier studies, the death rates were unchanged in Denmark and Norway, but increased in Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. In all countries, fewer deaths (29-35%) were recorded in the capital area compared with earlier studies. Females accounted for 11-19% of the fatal poisonings. Iceland deviates with a more equal distribution between men and women (40%). Deaths from methadone overdoses increased in all Nordic countries, and methadone was the main intoxicant in Denmark in 2007, accounting for 51% of the poisonings. In Norway and Sweden, heroin/morphine was still the main intoxicant with a frequency of 68% and 48%, respectively. In Iceland, 3 deaths each were due to heroin/morphine and methadone, respectively. Finland differs from other Nordic countries in having a high number of poisonings caused by buprenorphine and very few caused by heroin/morphine. The total number of buprenorphine deaths in Finland doubled from 16 in 2002 to 32 in 2007, where it constituted 25% of deaths. The general toxicological screening program showed widespread multi-drug use in all countries. The median number of drugs per case varied from 3 to 5. The most frequently detected substances were heroin/morphine, methadone, buprenorphine, tramadol, amphetamine, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, benzodiazepines and ethanol.     

Drugs in oral fluid in randomly selected drivers

There were 13,176 roadside drug tests performed in the first year of the random drug-testing program conducted in the state of Victoria. Drugs targeted in the testing were methamphetamines and Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). On-site screening was conducted by the police using DrugWipe^®, while the driver was still in the vehicle and if positive, a second test on collected oral fluid, using the Rapiscan^®, was performed in a specially outfitted “drug bus” located adjacent to the testing area. Oral fluid on presumptive positive cases was sent to the laboratory for confirmation with limits of quantification of 5, 5, and 2 ng/mL for methamphetamine (MA), methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA), and THC, respectively. Recovery experiments conducted in the laboratory showed quantitative recovery of analytes from the collector. When oral fluid could not be collected, blood was taken from the driver and sent to the laboratory for confirmation. These roadside tests gave 313 positive cases following GC–MS confirmation. These comprised 269, 118, and 87 cases positive to MA, MDMA, and THC, respectively. The median oral concentrations (undiluted) of MA, MDMA, and THC was 1136, 2724, and 81 ng/mL. The overall drug positive rate was 2.4% of the screened population. This rate was highest in drivers of cars (2.8%). The average age of drivers detected with a positive drug reading was 28 years. Large vehicle (trucks over 4.5 t) drivers were older; on average at 38 years. Females accounted for 19% of all positives, although none of the positive truck drivers were female. There was one false positive to cannabis when the results of both on-site devices were considered and four to methamphetamines.     

Trends in Non-Muslim Divorces in Singapore

This article examines the trends and patterns in the way thesecular divorce law has been utilized by couples in Singaporeseeking to end their marriage. Social and demographic featuresof the divorcing couples, as well as the ‘fact’relied on in support of their divorce petitions, are studiedand compared to earlier analyses. It is found that while somepatterns observed by earlier researchers have remained intact,others have changed. This article suggests explanations forthese observed patterns and contributes to the discussion onwhether and how the divorce law can be improved in Singaporeand elsewhere.