美国网络案件管辖权初探

阐明美国传统管辖理论 ,分析美国法院将此理论应用于网络案件 ,并在实践中发展了三类网络案件管辖标准。最后 ,分析不方便法院如何解决网络案件管辖的不公 ,保护被告的权益。     

The Troubled American

"Americans love dissidents from every country but their own." —From a speech by Katrina vanden Heuvel at a reception celebrating the Russian edition of Stephen Cohen's Failed Crusade.     

The American experiment

European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research -     

美国少年犯监狱参观记

11岁的小男孩戴着沉重的手铐，面无表情目十分沮丧地站在牢房的铁栅栏后面，这种情景在美国很普遍，因为美国法律在处置青少年犯罪和成年人犯罪之间并没有什么大的区别。我们上海社会学界的几位同事在德国《明星周刊》记者的帮助下，     

“前腐后继”的美国州长

“棒打大老虎”成为中国讨论得热火朝天的话题。同样,在美国,近来反腐动作连连。美国虽是一个年轻国家,腐败问题却由来已久。美国历史上曾经有一个腐败非常严重的时期,有人称其为“腐败高发期”,但随着反腐败机制的逐步建立和完善,腐败行为得到了有效的防止或惩处,腐败被抑制在一定的范围之内。即便是这样,依然会出现“前腐后继”的官员。最近,弗吉尼亚州州长就陷入了贪腐丑闻。     

美国起诉裁量权研究

检察官的起诉裁量权是美国刑事司法系统中的重要制度,其在起诉便宜主义指导之下有一套自洽均衡的运行体系。着重分析美国起诉裁量权运用过程中应予考虑的各种因素,以及其运用构造,政策争论,宪法控制几个重要问题,希望对深入了解和借鉴美国的起诉裁量权有所裨益。     

重读美国法律现实主义

美国法律现实主义不仅颠覆了传统法律思维范式,而且也在美国社会转轨时期对变革美国法制和法学教育提出了初步方案.     

American Criminal Justice Exposed

In The Ethics of Capital Punishment: A Philosophical Investigation of Evil and Its Consequences, Matthew Kramer argues that none of the standard rationales used to justify capital punishment successfully vindicates it and that a new justification, the purgative rationale, justifies capital punishment for defilingly evil offenders. In this article, it is argued, first, that a version of retributivism that adheres to the lex talionis as Kramer understands it does seem to call exclusively for the death penalty. Second, it is submitted that the purgative rationale is over-inclusive inasmuch as Kramer considers it applicable to certain offenders with abusive or deprived backgrounds, some offenders indoctrinated to adhere to pernicious ideologies that have impelled their crimes, and wrongdoers who have sincerely repented. Third, doubts are expressed about whether the purgative rationale justifies the execution of any offenders. Even if it is true that the continued existence of an extravagantly evil offender represents an affront to humanity, as Kramer suggests, a moral obligation to execute him does not follow. Since repentance is intrinsically valuable and since repentance would extinguish the affront to humanity, the community in which an unrepentant evil offender abides is duty-bound to foster repentance on the part of the offender by imposing banishment or life imprisonment, sanctions that afford the offender the most extensive opportunity for repentance. The community is therefore obligated to impose one of these sanctions instead of capital punishment.     

Native American Youth Gangs

ABSTRACT

The number of Native American youth gangs has increased dramatically since the 1990s. These gangs bring increases in crime and pose unique challenges to tribal leaders and local police departments. Using an integrated theoretical perspective, this article connects cultural and historical factors to explain the emergence of gangs in Indian country, identify risk factors for gang involvement, and outline important considerations for effective prevention and intervention strategies. It is expected that an improved understanding of Native American culture and experiences combined with the implementation of culturally-appropriate prevention and intervention programs will lead to more positive outcomes.     

North American Organised Crime

The Italian-American mafia is one of the most enduring images of organised crime, but separating fictional images of organised crime from the real thing has not been easy. Overall, organised crime is a continuing criminal enterprise that rationally works to profit from illicit activities that are often in great public demand. Its continuing existence is maintained through the use of force, threats, monopoly control, and/or the corruption of public officials. The past 20 years have seen a decline in the influence of Italian-American organised crime in the US, but this has been offset by the rise of other forms of organised crime, not least groups from the former USSR. Meanwhile, the Canadian underworld is dominated by Asian groups, East European groups, Italian groups, and outlaw motorcycle gangs. The major organised crime groups in Mexico are extended networks composed of Mexican nationals living in Mexico, Mexican-Americans, and Mexican immigrants living in the United States, operating as competing networks in the illicit drug business from supply, to transit, to destination and buyers.     

美国宪法审查中的"衡量"

"衡量"在美国宪法审查领域是头绪纷繁的,其适用范围及方式的发展变化以实用主义为典型表征.因而,衡量的运用在美国宪法审查领域趋于普遍、频繁的同时,又是不拘一格、灵活和富有弹性的.在由来已久的判例法传统和思维风格下,一方面法官拥有自为评价的判断余地;另一方面,借助司法的谦抑,并透过案件的不断类型化和判决中详尽的理由论述,法官灵活、实用的衡量运作得到有效约束,且不断地被反思和修正.     

美国专门问责机构研究

作为两个最具美国本土特色的专门问责机构,美国政府问责办公室设立于美国议会内,总监察长办公室存在于多个联邦行政机关之中,通过对这两个问责机构从设立至发展历程的全面梳理与解析,可以展现问责理论在美国本土环境中的构成及其发展,从而为重构最适宜当代所需的民主问责机制提供启示和借鉴。     

美国城市的法律地位——狄龙规则的过去与现在

狄龙规则是美国处理州和地方关系的重要原则。它认为城市是州立法机关的创造物,州立法机关对其组织和结构具有绝对的控制力。狄龙规则自诞生以来就不断受到各种冲击。二战后,美国各州相继确立了地方自治制度,地方相对于州而言取得了较大的自治权。与此同时,美国联邦政府却开始通过经济渗透逐步介入地方事务,城市逐渐陷入联邦的控制。狄龙规则的变迁体现了权力制衡,地方政府在摆脱州权控制的同时又受到了联邦权力制约。