The Trouble with Moral Rights

It is usually argued that moral rights are severely handicapped by their inconsistent entrenchment in common law and civilian legal systems. This article argues that the main trouble with moral rights protection is that the justifications for the existence of these rights are riddled with internal inconsistencies generated by the vagaries of copyright exploitation. Harmonising moral rights protection or using moral rights justifications cumulatively may not resolve the theoretical inconsistencies. Copyright protection must therefore be seriously overhauled if moral rights are to be widely perceived as vehicles for protecting authors' rights.     

作品精神权利的秩序价值

影视“恶搞”现象引发了笔者对作品精神权利秩序价值的思考。根据洛克的“劳动财产学说”,作品是作者劳动的结果,作者应当享有署名权、发表权、修改权、保护作品完整权等权利,总之,作品精神权利秩序价值具有正当性。精神权利的秩序价值在现实中又具体表现为一定的秩序状态,这一秩序状态对于鼓励创作、提高效率都具有重要意义,一旦当作品精神权利所确认的秩序状态受到破坏时,法律的救济功能则会力求恢复原有秩序状态或重建新的秩序状态进行救济。     

Effective Detention: The Development of a Policy

The Dutch Prison Service developed a new policy on indoor employment programmes. The development of this policy, the definition of these programmes and the chosen methodology of Individual Employment Counselling is described. Also some examples of good practice are given. We learned a great deal from good practice, from external advisors, from co-operation with partners like employers, probation services, local authorities and from comparable programmes in other European countries. The development of these programmes was supported by changes in the prison service, economic growth in the Netherlands, a new employment policy initiated by the Dutch government, and by sub-financing of the European Social Fund. Future challenges are: better matching of prisoners (their motivations, their capacities and handicaps) with the programmes, further development of co-operation with partners and the implementation of a good monitoring system.     

Human Rights, Development, and the WTO: The Cases of Intellectual Property and Competition Policy

The World Trade Organization (WTO) has sometimes been portrayedas being at odds with the protection of human rights. This articletakes issue with this perception, both generally and with specificreference to WTO agreements/activities in the areas of intellectualproperty (IP) and competition policy. The rules and proceduresof the WTO are directly supportive of civil rights in the senseof freedom to participate in markets and freedom from arbitrarygovernmental procedures. In addition, the system contributesto development and to the realization of broader economic, social,and cultural rights, by stimulating economic growth and therebyhelping to generate the resources that are needed for the fulfilmentof such rights. The article examines various human rights andpublic interest rationales for the protection of intellectualproperty rights (IPRs). The recent amendment to the Agreementon Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)to facilitate access to medicines in the event of public healthemergencies is outlined. With respect to competition policy,such policy constitutes an important aspect of governance insuccessful market-based economies. There is a clear need forcooperative approaches to the implementation of national competitionpolicies. The appropriate scope and venue for such cooperationare a matter for further deliberation.     

论基础设施权

基础设施的目标在于实现普遍服务和增进公共利益,基础设施所有权的法律特质在于独立于基础设施物化载体和衡平利益相关方权益,并由此生成基础设施权的范畴。基础设施权是由国家保障公民享有的,以实现国家、社会和公民和谐发展为目标的,以基础设施公共产品供应和实现普遍服务为内容的权利体系。基础设施的公共政策和法律规制不仅需要服务于经济增长的目标,更应该以提高普遍服务和增进公共利益为核心价值。     

Legal Rights and Moral Rights: Old Questions and New Problems*

Abstract. The author examines the discipline of moral rights and in particular the need to embed them in a consequential system. He argues that the widely held opinion that independence from consequential evaluation is the right way of guaranteeing individual freedom is based on an inadequate appraisal of the role of moral rights in the social context. In this perspective he examines two specific cases: (1) elementary political and civil rights, and (2) the reproductive rights of women in the context of poor countries with the problem of fast population growth. He argues that a coherent goal-rights system which accommodates rights among others goals, can overcome the non-consequential arguments and justify the force of moral rights fully within a consequentiality perspective.     

作者人格权:内在本质与功能构建的法理抉择

著作权法存在诸多谜题,不仅体现在著作权是纯粹的财产权还是财产与人格一体权的逻辑困境上,更体现在相比作者而言,为何发明人缺乏独立完整的人格权,署名权可否转让,将法人视为作者的体系矛盾等等,且各国对作者人格权的保护态度和设权模式存在较大差异。通过引入事实问题与价值问题相区分的分析方法可以揭示:作者人格权与其他权利一样皆为功能性建构,服务于特定的公众需求、经济水平及社会目标,而论证其正当性的哲学观念仅仅发挥着隐藏某一价值取向说服他人接受的修辞作用,而非揭示事物本质或科学真理,这恰恰彰显了法学作为人文学科的内在规律。     

公序良俗与基本权利

基本权利在私法领域的功能及适用是和公序良俗原则关联在一起的。就民事法律行为而言,违背公序良俗将导致该行为的无效,并进而引发其它间接后果。基本权利虽然不是对法律行为施加限制的强制性“法律”规定,但是,它是判断是否构成违背公序良俗的重要标准。就侵权行为而言,违背公序量俗之侵权属于侵权行为的重要形式,具有“权利型”侵权和违反“法益”型侵权所不具有的功能。基本权利对侵权行为的影响主要通过“公序良俗”这一制度性平台,对侵权行为之构成产生阻却的功效。在民事审判中,公序良俗原则具有适用的必要性,它事实上也是基本权利在民事审判中得以适用的管道。     

著作人身权不可流转之证成及理论重构

随着著作权产业的发展和大数据贸易时代的到来,著作人身权流转的司法案例和社会现象频频发生,学术界开始为该权利的可流转性寻求理论上的支撑.然而,在传统民法理论中,人身权一直被视为民事主体所不可或缺的部分,针对该权利的流转行为也一向被法律所禁止.著作人身权虽不完全等同于民法上的人身权利,但其作为私权,仍宜将不可流转性作为基本属性.从既有理论缺陷出发,尝试构建著作人身权不可流转理论之框架,既具有现实意义,亦对修订中的《著作权法》草案中有关著作人身权权利行使的制度设计大有裨益.     

数字技术VS作者精神权利制度

一、问题的提出 长期以来,大陆法系著作权法都十分关注作者的署名权、发表权、修改权、保护作品完整权等精神权利,而英美法系的版权法则更注重作者财产权的保护.不少英美法学者担心作品精神权利的存在将对版权经济利益的开发利用产生负面影响,1数字技术又进一步加剧了这种质疑.有一些英美学者甚至已经断言,由于大部分精神权利从本质上不符合数字时代的要求,终将在数字技术的冲击下失去继续存在的理由.2无论如何,数字技术对精神权利的挑战的确不能忽视.     

著作人格权制度的反思与重构

作品和作者人格之间的关系是全部著作人格权理论的逻辑起点,在此基础上形成的著作人格权制度缺少强有力的支撑理论,存在着严重的理论缺陷。在实践中,著作人格权制度既与民法人格权制度之间存在着难以调和的冲突,破坏了人格权制度的统一性,也不利于保障作者的私益和社会文化发展利益。这就需要将署名权、完整权、发表权等权利从民法人格权制度框架中解放出来,从经验出发,通过考察这些权利的实际功能,将其界定为专属于作者的各种辅助性权能,重新建构作者专属辅助权制度体系。     

Negligence and Human Rights Law: The Case for Separate Development

A number of judges and academics have argued in favour of the convergence of negligence law with human rights law. By contrast, the thesis of this article is that the two legal orders should develop independently, so that for the most part the law of negligence ought not to be affected by human rights considerations. It is argued that the case for convergence is based on two false assumptions, namely that human rights law and negligence law perform similar functions within our legal order and that the norms of human rights law are more fundamental than the norms encapsulated in negligence law. It is also argued that convergence would undermine the coherence of negligence law. Ultimately, the case for separate development rests on the desirability of recognising public law and private law as autonomous normative systems with their own distinctive rationales, concepts and core principles.     

道德律：道德生活的可能性

道德律是人们道德地生活的基本法则,唯有道德律才能提供一种道德生活,也才能使道德生活成为可能.我们的时代缺乏对我们生活的准则是否合乎道德法则的检视,康德的实践理性的基本法则--道德律给我们提供了可资思考的维度.康德实践理性的基本法则指出了一种道德地生活的可能性.道德是人之为人应有的生活方式,只有严格的道德规范,只有过一种严格的道德生活才是国民当下的道德选择,而伦理研究者的责任则尤为重要.     

Innovative Governance in a Federal Europe: Implementing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

A recent development in European law, less heralded, but no less path‐breaking than the Treaty of Lisbon, was the ratification by the EU of its first human rights treaty—the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Concluded as a mixed agreement, the CRPD's pioneering monitoring mechanisms demand a high level of cooperation from both the Union and its Member States. It, thus, provides an opportunity for the Union to further develop a distinctly European notion of federalism by the use of new, innovative governance mechanisms. This article looks at the Union as a federalist project through the prism of the mixed agreement, and specifically the ways that federalism may be balanced within it, using the CRPD as an example. Although the Union has an existing Code of Conduct under the Convention, it lacks true engagement with these issues, and this article proposes changes to that end.