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Michael S. Moore 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2018,12(3):513-529
This article conceptualizes what strict liability is in the criminal law. Four properties are found to be individually necessary, only jointly sufficient, for there to be the kind of moral blameworthiness that must underlie any just punishment: prima facie wrongdoing, absence of justification, prima facie culpability, and absence of excuse. Whenever criminal liability is imposed without the presence of one or more of these properties, the liabuility is said to be strict. 相似文献
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刑法中的严格责任研究 总被引:24,自引:0,他引:24
一、严格责任的来由与含义
(一)严格责任的来由
在刑法发展史上,罪过并不是从来就作为犯罪构成的要件的.在封建社会,实行的是无罪过刑事责任原则."从比较刑法史的观点来考察,不论东方还是西方的封建主义刑法,……概无例外."[1]英国的古代普通法采取的也是以因果关系的存在为责任唯一根据的归责方式,它不考虑被告人的内心状态,只要证明被告人的行为客观上造成了损害结果,就科处刑罚.在12世纪的英国法律和习惯汇编中曾有这样的格言:"无意中干了坏事的人,必须有意地对此作出赔偿."应当说,这既是当时人类还未能全面认识到"罪过"概念而单纯以客观结果归责的报复刑产物,也是与当时民、刑不分以及赔偿刑联系在一起的. 相似文献
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This essay explores the case against strict liability offenses as part of the more general debate about proportional punishment. This debate takes on a very different look in light of a formal result derived by the authors elsewhere, that is briefly summarized and whose implications are pursued here. Traditional objections that consequentialists have mounted against the deontologists’/retributivists’ defense of proportionality fall by the wayside, but a new threat to the proportionality requirement replaces it: the ease with which any such requirement can be circumvented. 相似文献
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严格责任是英美刑事责任制度的特色,目前国内对严格责任的内涵及其与无罪过责任,绝对责任等相关责任之间的关系的理解颇不一致,需要从概念、特点等方面对严格责任与相关责任作一一比较。 相似文献
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论行政诉讼的举证责任 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
行政诉讼证据制度应奉行职权主义 ,以保护相对人 ;现行举证规则存在缺陷 ,不利于保护相对人的合法权益和监督行政机关依法行政 ;应适当引进英美法的“推进责任和说服责任” ,发展和完善我国行政诉讼的举证规则。 相似文献
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严格责任作为归责制度,一直被理论界视为无过错责任原则。严格责任有其特定的内涵,其本质是一种推定过错责任。同时严格责任是一种公平与效率并重的归责制度,其内在的缺陷可以通过立法与司法方式加以弥补。 相似文献
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严格责任论:以英美刑法为中心 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
刑法学界有观点认为,严格责任是结果责任、客观归罪的典型,应予彻底否定。刑事严格责任起源于英美法国家,我国《刑法》中并无这一概念。要对刑事严格责任进行评判,应当充分了解其存在的背景、内涵及其价值基础,否则,作出的结论往往是不尽妥当的。英美刑法中,严格责任的适用受到了种种条件的限制,不同于绝对责任,更非结果责任或者客观归罪,有其存在的价值基础。 相似文献
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This article analyzes tort liability litigation costs usingthe Texas Department of Insurance Commercial Liability InsuranceClosed Claim database for the years 1988–2004. Insurercosts to defend claims in which a suit was filed average $35,000per claim in 2004$, which corresponds to a share of 0.18 oftotal expenditures. Claims with higher stakes and complexitylead to greater reliance on outside counsel and less relianceon in-house counsel. Total transactions costs for each dollarreceived by claimants average $0.75 for all claims and $0.83for claims in which the claimant retained an attorney and asuit was filed. 相似文献
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论英美刑法中的严格责任及其借鉴 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
严格责任是英美刑法中一种特殊的刑事归责方式,是一种无罪过责任,即罪过不是犯罪构成的必要条件。而我国 学者对严格责任的认识各不相同,有的学者认为严格责任就是绝对责任;有的学者认为严格责任不同于绝对责 任,但英美刑法中既有严格责任,也有绝对责任。通过对二者的实质性探讨,从公共政策、诉讼效率及诉讼成本的 视角来考察,严格责任有其存在的必要性,英美刑法中的一些做法就值得我们借鉴吸收,我国刑法应该在一定范 围内确立严格责任犯罪。 相似文献
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交通事故发生后当事人往往采取逃离事故现场,破坏现场,伪造现场,毁灭证据等行为,致使无法认定事故当事人的过错情况,给追究事故当事人责任带了极大的障碍,增加肇事者的侥幸心理。解决的对策是改变交通肇事罪中单纯适用过错责任的沿袭,对于违背现场保护义务人应适用严格责任来追究其刑事责任。同时,适用严格责任符合刑法的谦抑性要求,允许当事人自证其无过错以阻却其刑事责任,量刑应从轻。 相似文献
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Innovation by users is now understood to be an important part of innovative activity in the economy. In this paper we explore the implications of adding innovation by users to existing models of social welfare that currently assume innovation by manufacturers only. We find this addition removes several inefficiencies, and that social welfare is likely to be increased by the presence of user innovation. Implications for policies that can impact users' freedom to innovate are discussed. 相似文献
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为了确保食品、药物及环境等涉及公共福利领域的安全,美国法院发展并确立严格刑事责任制度,该制度包括公共福利犯罪原则和有责任的公司管理人员原则。确立环境严格刑事责任的目的是确保刑法在保护环境和促进环境法遵守方面的效率。公共福利犯罪原则和有责任的公司管理人员原则减轻了美国起诉部门的证明责任,降低了司法成本,同时提高了犯罪的成本,增强了刑法的威慑力。这体现了美国环境刑事政策的价值取向是社会利益保护优先和效率优先。 相似文献