Crossing the boundary: Peasants,shepherds, and servants in a western Alpine community

In the historical and anthropological literature, western Alps servants were widely assumed to be few in number, and the importance of the institution of service therefore negligible. This study combines historical-demographic and ethnographic methods to investigate whether this was true of a community in the Italian western Alps with a mixed population of peasants and transhumant shepherds. Surprisingly, a valuable 1951 census reveals that seemingly small numbers hide what was actually a normal phase in the life course of peasant sons whom shepherds recruited to work as servants. Distinct patterns of life-cycle and lifetime service seem to have coexisted in the same community. The evidence also confirms that in southern Europe, as some recent studies have pointed out, the institution of service often was not just the circulation of young men and women between households but an asymmetrical exchange between different socioeconomic groups. Otherwise rigid social and cultural boundaries were thereby crossed.     

公务员诚信建设：意旨、现状与对策

公务员诚信建设是政府诚信建设的核心和关键。当前,我国公务员的诚信建设取得了一定的成绩,但是公务员的非诚信行政理念、行为时而浮出水面。究其根源,既有文化上的和法治上的原因,也有个人人文素质上的原因。解决公务员的诚信建设问题,提高政府效能,要从加强思想教育,完善公务员选拔、考核、评估制度,建立健全监督机制以及完善诚信信息监控机制等方面入手。     

The true servant: Self-definition of male domestics in an Italian city (Bologna, 17th–19th centuries)

Some historians have classed as servants only people living with their masters; some have excluded farm servants; some have included married domestics living with their own families. The archive of the Bolognese Confraternity of San Vitale, also known as Università dei Servitori, is analyzed in this article to show how one group of servants defined a “true” servant. Their solution was to exclude from their association people who performed what they deemed “filthy” tasks. They also excluded women, giving us a particular insight in the history of gender and masculinity. In their view, the “true” servants were bourgeois (and locally born) men rather than lower class (migrant) women who are often identified as the stereotypical servants. Moreover, most members of the association were married, they had their own families in Bologna and did not always live with their masters. This makes possible the analysis of married male servants living with their own families, a category of servant that has received less attention than life-cycle servants.     

公务员角色定位的困境分析及对策思考

对公务员角色的定位历来是公共行政学探讨的重要问题。传统的行政学及其继承者——新公共行政和新公共服务把公务员定位为"公共人";公共选择学派则将公务员定位为"经济人"。但各种研究范式的分离与竞争始终没有摆脱以技术理性为基础的"人性假设"和实证研究范式的限制。公务员角色在现实中发生错位,其背后所反映的是管理主义运动兴起过程中公共行政陷入的身份危机。社会建构主义重视社会群体互动和协商的结果,把公务员作为一个群体来看待,而不是将其作为抽象的个体加以定位。因此,通过自由式民主和协商民主的手段,形成一种自我认同、相互信任的组织文化,或许是走出公务员角色定位困境的新路径。     

略论人事争议仲裁制度的定位与价值取向

人事争议仲裁制度是近年来我国程序法律制度中新出现的一类程序制度,主要裁决事业单位与其工作人员因辞职、辞退等原因所发生的争议。该制度的运行目前仍存在许多障碍,如劳动争议仲裁程序的纠葛、人事制度中实体法缺位等等。人事争议仲裁制度的缺陷并不等于该制度没有相应的程序价值。该制度应定位于裁决公务人员,包括国家机关工作人员和改革后事业单位中工作人员与其单位之间的争议,并通过人事争议仲裁制度的实施,推动我国事业单位改革及其法制化进程。     

Maids and mothers: Domestic servants and illegitimacy in 19th-century Australia

Historically, domestic servants have been overrepresented amongst women whose ex-nuptial pregnancy became a public “problem.” Despite such apparent vulnerability, female rescue-workers also saw domestic work as the pathway to redemption for such women. Drawing on extensive Australian data on single mothers and their children in the 19th-century, this article investigates the complex relationship between domestic service and illegitimacy. While it will argue that the overrepresentation is more apparent than real, a product of the situation of the domestic servant whose workplace was her home and whose continued employment was often dependent on maintaining high moral standards, it will also contest the viability of domestic service as a “solution” for the mother compelled to work to support her child.     

论公务员在服务型政府中不适行为的重构

构建服务型政府已成为我国政府改革的目标选择,而目前公务员的思想行为与服务型政府的建设存在一定程度的不适,因此对目前公务员与服务行政的种种不符行为进行深层的分析是一项必须的任务。为了改变公务员的不适行为,重塑行政理念、提高行政能力、建立科学的绩效评估机制以及与社会利益一致的激励机制将会对我国服务型政府的建设产生积极的作用。     

Domestic servants and diffusion of fertility control in Flanders, 1830–1930

This article uses a mixed method approach to analyse whether urban domestic service functioned as a diffusion channel in the fertility decline. The central hypothesis is that nineteenth century female, rural-born domestic servants were influenced by the reproductive habits of their middle and upper-class employers, who were vanguards in the adoption of family size limitation within marriage. This happened via a process of social learning, a mechanism of social influence in heterogeneous social networks. Female domestic servants are an excellent research population to study reproductive ideas and behaviour because they were large in number and had a particular social position in between the working and upper classes and in between rural and urban environments. This paper is unique in its use of qualitative information to analyse social fertility diffusion and in the incorporation of geographical mobility in the statistical part.     

中日公务员权利义务比较研究

公务员权利义务规范是公务员制度的核心内容。中日两国公务员制度在公务员权利及保障 ,公务员义务及责任等方面具有某种同构性 ,但差异性也是十分明显的。同构性导源于规范对象的同一性 ,差异性则根植于政治制度和法制状况的区别性。     

公务员惩戒处分的救济制度比较研究

公务员对惩戒处分应有充分而适当的救济途径是西方发达国家的普遍做法,代表了公务员法治的发展方向,有利于公务员人权的保障。我国的公务员法制欠缺相关的规定,并且即便是有规定而在实践中不能起到应有的作用,因此,要借鉴公务员法制比较健全的国家的做法,整合现行的申诉、申请复核制度,允许受惩戒公务员提起行政诉讼,并赋予相应的实体权利保障。     

Domestic service and female domestic servants: A port-city comparison of Bremen and Liverpool, 1850–1914

The author analyzes the development of domestic service in Bremen and Liverpool as two examples of major commercial ports in the 19th century characterized by significant merchant wealth and casual, dock-related employment. The migration pattern and age structure of domestic servants are examined and key aspects of their employment history are explored in terms of residential location, length of service, and social background of their employers. Census data are used for both port cities (drawing, in particular on the relational database currently being constructed for the Liverpool Mercantile Project), together with the Bremen civil registers for marriages and deaths, and qualitative material, such as diaries and autobiographies from members of the merchant class. By developing an explicitly comparative analysis within the framework of an established typology the article provides a basis for assessing the extent to which the nature of domestic service in the two port cities, as well as the recruitment and retention of domestic servants, was determined by similarities in the growth of merchant wealth and culture or by distinct regional or national characteristics in the underlying pattern of urban migration.     

The true servant: Self-definition of male domestics in an Italian city (Bologna, 17th–19th centuries)

Some historians have classed as servants only people living with their masters; some have excluded farm servants; some have included married domestics living with their own families. The archive of the Bolognese Confraternity of San Vitale, also known as Università dei Servitori, is analyzed in this article to show how one group of servants defined a “true” servant. Their solution was to exclude from their association people who performed what they deemed “filthy” tasks. They also excluded women, giving us a particular insight in the history of gender and masculinity. In their view, the “true” servants were bourgeois (and locally born) men rather than lower class (migrant) women who are often identified as the stereotypical servants. Moreover, most members of the association were married, they had their own families in Bologna and did not always live with their masters. This makes possible the analysis of married male servants living with their own families, a category of servant that has received less attention than life-cycle servants.     

Maids and mothers: Domestic servants and illegitimacy in 19th-century Australia

Historically, domestic servants have been overrepresented amongst women whose ex-nuptial pregnancy became a public “problem.” Despite such apparent vulnerability, female rescue-workers also saw domestic work as the pathway to redemption for such women. Drawing on extensive Australian data on single mothers and their children in the 19th-century, this article investigates the complex relationship between domestic service and illegitimacy. While it will argue that the overrepresentation is more apparent than real, a product of the situation of the domestic servant whose workplace was her home and whose continued employment was often dependent on maintaining high moral standards, it will also contest the viability of domestic service as a “solution” for the mother compelled to work to support her child.     

Community Service Orders in Hong Kong, England, and Wales: twins or cousins

Hong Kong's Community Service Order (CSO) is anchored in the probation service and has not had to face problems related to the cultural divide and professional rivalry between community service and probation staff similar to England and Wales. CSOs in both jurisdictions differ in offenders' minimum age and in seeking offenders' consent and have been rarely used for young offenders. They have widened the net of social control, and there have been difficulties in positioning them in the sentencing tariff. Although retributive penal practices might have crept into Hong Kong after China's takeover in 1997, its CSO has retained rehabilitative elements. In England and Wales, the renaming of CSO as the Community Punishment Order reaffirmed its retributive nature, however the Pathfinder projects have taken it back to its origins as a rehabilitative measure. We suggest that CSOs should move further toward restorative justice by the involvement of victims in the choice of community services.     

Coping with Conway v. Rimmer [1968] AC 910: How Civil Servants Control Access to Justice

The article, based on a review of files in the National Archives, examines the role of civil servants in claims for the suppression of state documents at trial on grounds of public interest immunity (PII). Government lawyers solicited responses from other ministries to the landmark Lords decision in Conway v. Rimmer and coordinated the civil service campaign against this unwelcome judicial intrusion into their professional domain. The decision was seen as a threat to confidentiality and the secret cultivation of administrative expertise. Academic debate on the evolution of the PII doctrine has centred on the allocation of responsibility between an overly deferential judiciary and ministerial concern to avoid political embarrassment. The role of civil servants may have been more coherent and ideologically motivated than previously appreciated. As the courts increasingly challenge government claims for suppression of material at trial, the article highlights the historical factors determining the executive's innate instinct for secrecy.     

Ambivalence, Contradiction, and Symbiosis: Carers' and Mental Health Users' Rights

This article explores the emergence of separate rights for carers and psychiatric service users. Although political rhetoric and policy documents largely assume symbiosis between carer and cared-for person, increasingly the law reflects that their rights and interests may conflict and operate in opposition one to another. This article examines the social and policy factors that lie behind these developments and disentangles some of the ambivalences, contradictions, and symbioses that characterize this area of law. While service users' rights in relation to decisions about their care have emerged from the shadow of family rights, carers' rights to community support services have emerged as an adjunct to service users' rights. The article explores the development of the rights paradigm in promoting the welfare of mentally disordered people and their carer, and the current limits of separation between their respective entitlements.     

中日公务员行政惩戒法律救济制度的比较

公务员惩戒制度是通过惩罚公务员的失职行为而对该公务员及其他公务员予以警戒的制度。该制度对打造一支高素质的公务员队伍,防止公务员滥用权力和违法乱纪等方面起了很大作用,但如果惩戒不当,对公务员合法权益将造成莫大的损害。“有损害就有救济”,纵观世界各国的公务员权益救济制度,大体上采用两种模式：一种是行政救济与司法救济“并轨”的救济模式,如美国、日本等;另一种是以行政救济作为单一的救济模式,如我国现在所实行的公务员申诉与控告的行政救济制度。本文通过比较中日两国的公务员行政惩戒救济制度,以“扬弃”的移植理念,完善我国的公务员行政惩戒救济制度。     

Women who shared a husband: Polygyny in southern Albania in the early 20th century

In Europe little attention has been paid to polygyny, though it occurred in the Balkans in the recent past. Data from an Austro-Hungarian census of two-thirds of Albania taken in 1918 give a rare opportunity to examine it. As elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean, the extent of polygyny was modest, but it was more widespread in rural areas than in towns. This article looks at polygyny in Mallakastër, one area of southern Albania. While not specifically provided for by customary law, polygyny was accommodated within it. Marriages were contracted in the same way as monogamous marriages, and both co-wives lived as part of the family. There is no direct evidence of the reasons why some marriages were polygynous. It may have been a response to childlessness in some cases, but this was neither a universal justification nor a universal explanation. It was probably also a means by which families augmented their labor supply in the absence of an institution of servants. A law enforcing monogamy in 1929 and changes that made polygyny less acceptable and less necessary have resulted in its disappearance.     

Haptoglobin typing in canine bloods

Haptoglobin typing by vertical electrophoresis in a discontinuous polyacrylamide gel was conducted on 47 dog blood samples, of which 19 were from Doberman pinschers, 20 from German shepherds, and 8 from pit bullterriers. Two phenotypes were common in the three breeds and could not be used to differentiate between them. Canine haptoglobin phenotypes were, however, sufficiently different from those of humans to warrant using haptoglobin typing as a method for determining the origin of bloodstains.     

Women who shared a husband: Polygyny in southern Albania in the early 20th century

In Europe little attention has been paid to polygyny, though it occurred in the Balkans in the recent past. Data from an Austro-Hungarian census of two-thirds of Albania taken in 1918 give a rare opportunity to examine it. As elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean, the extent of polygyny was modest, but it was more widespread in rural areas than in towns. This article looks at polygyny in Mallakastër, one area of southern Albania. While not specifically provided for by customary law, polygyny was accommodated within it. Marriages were contracted in the same way as monogamous marriages, and both co-wives lived as part of the family. There is no direct evidence of the reasons why some marriages were polygynous. It may have been a response to childlessness in some cases, but this was neither a universal justification nor a universal explanation. It was probably also a means by which families augmented their labor supply in the absence of an institution of servants. A law enforcing monogamy in 1929 and changes that made polygyny less acceptable and less necessary have resulted in its disappearance.