禁止体罚儿童的国际法律规定与国内法律实施——以家庭内体罚儿童为视角

普遍存在的体罚儿童现象随着国际社会对儿童权利的关注逐渐进入人们的视野,特别是家庭内部的儿童体罚问题也开始受到关注。近年来,禁止一切形式的儿童体罚的观念逐渐被越来越多的国家所接受。探析儿童体罚问题的原因和危害,从国际人权文件和我国国内法律体系中寻找家庭内部禁止体罚儿童的依据,以类型化分析的方法比较世界各国保护儿童的立法例及其进展,借鉴外国禁止体罚的立法实践,针对我国在禁止家庭内体罚儿童中存在的种种问题,提出若干改进方向,以求尽快达到禁止体罚儿童的国际人权法律标准、不断改善国内儿童权利保护状况十分必要。     

Social Correlates of Delinquency for Youth in Need of Mental Health Services: Examining the Scope Conditions of Criminological Theories

While both traditional criminological inquiry and mental health research have identified internal and external constellations of risk factors associated with juvenile offending, interdisciplinary discourse has been limited. This paper takes a step in bridging the gap between criminological literature and work in the field of children’s mental health by evaluating the combined effects of social and mental health predictors on juvenile delinquency in a sample of youth with diagnosed clinical disorders. Results of multivariate analyses indicate that both traditional social risk factors as well as indicators of the nature and severity of youths’ mental health disorders contribute to delinquency. Moreover, the influence of one well-established risk factor, self-control, on delinquency is moderated by the presence of oppositional defiant disorder. The results of this study suggest that researchers and practitioners should consider the cumulative influence of social risk factors and psychological impairment in the etiology of delinquency.     

Subjects with agency? Children’s participation in family law proceedings

Galvanised by the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, many jurisdictions now recognise children’s rights to participate in decisions that affect them. While such legal rights have increased, research on family law proceedings shows how children’s views can still be undermined, ignored or not even sought in decisions about them. This article uses the academic resources of childhood studies, to consider dominant and alternative narratives of children’s participation within Scottish family law. Drawing upon reported case law and empirical research, the article concludes that children’s participation gains protection by being institutionalised but children’s participation is attenuated because it is not recognised as relational and contextual. As rationality, consistency and autonomy are privileged, the weight given to children’s views is lessened by concerns about children being manipulated or distressed. Courts and their decisions may be child-focused, centring on children’s welfare, but they are not child-inclusive, involving children in decision-making.     

我国《著作权法》的第三次修改与建议

结合中国社会科学院知识产权中心的专家建议稿和国家版权局2012年3月31日公布的著作权法修改草案,讨论了著作权法修改中的一些问题,包括废除《计算机软件保护条例》、重新梳理著作权的权利体系、突出规定相关权,以及强化对于著作权和相关权的保护.我国《著作权法》的第三次修改,应当面向实务,解决问题,促进文化产业的发展.     

论国家义务概念之确立与发展

对国家、人权思想变迁的基本史实与思想史进行简要梳理,论述国家义务是国家起源的孪生物,国家义务是实现国家目的的有效途径,凡人权所在之处,即为国家义务并行之时,相关制度设计为国家义务的确立提供了可行性方案,发现国家义务形成于《大宪章》时期,确立于17世纪英国资产阶级革命时期以及阐述其在近当代的发展变迁,并进一步总结出国家负有人权保障义务属应有之义.     

国际法视域下的新冠肺炎疫情应对

受疫情影响的国家和地区根据《国际卫生条例》,应向世界卫生组织通报和共享疾病的信息,并遵守世界卫生组织的临时建议以及世界卫生组织发布的传染病暴发时的应对指南。国际社会在认真考虑世界卫生组织的建议的同时,可根据本国实际情况,采取相应的防疫措施,包括加强对国际旅行的卫生检疫。在境外疫情传播尚未得到有效控制的情况下,我国必须加强边境检疫,防止疫情从境外输入。同时,在没有任何证据表明国际贸易可能导致该病毒的国际传播的情况下,各国不应限制国际贸易。一些国家采取的限制国际运输和贸易的措施没有明确的科学依据。即使在疾病流行期间,任何限制贸易的措施,也必须符合《关税贸易总协定》和《卫生和检疫措施协定》的规定。此次突发公共卫生事件显示有必要加强世界卫生组织在协调和防止新发传染性疾病国际间传播的职能和国家间合作的必要性。     

对法国物权变动债权意思主义的再思考

一般认为,《法国民法典》确立了物权变动的债权意思主义,即当事人间的债权意思引致了物权的变动。但深入研究《法国民法典》后却得出了并非完全一致的结论:所谓的物权变动的债权意思主义,是一定逻辑体系之前见下的结论。以权利生效的要件以及权利变动的过程和结果观之,债权意思产生物权变动的效果是荒诞的。物权意思+公示对抗应当被确立为物权变动的第四种立法模式。这一认识对于理解我国《物权法》关于物权变动的立法主义选择以及我国未来《民法典》的制定具有意义。     

幼女奸生子的抚养问题探析

幼女奸生子的抚养问题极为棘手,容易引发许多伦理纠纷和社会问题,亟待法律的规制。可是,我国有关非婚生子女抚养的立法却比较模糊、概括、缺乏可操作性,在实践中难以发挥作用。针对这一特殊情况,应当完善相关法律,构建以社会救助为主的抚养模式,以促进这一社会矛盾的妥善解决。     

Suicide behind bars: trends, inconsistencies, and practical implications

The results of two comprehensive approaches are compared: the nationwide surveys of suicides in U.S. jails by Hayes and the international meta-analyses of suicides in jails and prisons by Fazel et al. Factors are classified as demographic, situational, clinical, and methodical. More than 50% of U.S. jail suicide victims were men, white, unmarried, under 28 years of age, charged with minor or drug-related offenses, and intoxicated with drugs or alcohol. Suicides significantly occurred in isolation. Suicide victims in the international study were significantly (p < 0.001) men, white, married, pretrial, and charged with or convicted of violent offenses. Psychiatric diagnosis, alcohol abuse, taking psychotropic medication, and suicidal ideation were also positively correlated in the international study, but suicide victims were distributed more evenly over age-groups. Results of other studies illustrate the near universality of some findings. Three theories of suicide are briefly discussed.     

Can twitter change the Iranian legal landscape for women?

ABSTRACT

This article explores the effectiveness of international social media (Twitter) campaigns, as a modern form of transnational advocacy networks, seeking domestic legal change in Iran for women’s rights. Using the spiral model of human rights change and second wave normative theories, the article critiques current thought on social media as an advocacy tool using evidence from two Iranian campaigns. Gathering empirical data from the #stopstoning and #letwomengotostadium campaigns, the research finds that Twitter campaigns may be linked to regression in some areas of women’s rights. Early evidence indicates that social media may lead to amplified government backlash, lack of campaign persistence and foreign overshadowing of domestic voices, which all contribute to the ongoing problematisation of the role of transnational advocacy networks in domestic human rights change.     

Assessing sheriff’s office emergency and disaster website communications

Sheriff’s offices are an integral component of the public health emergency preparedness and response system in the USA. During a public health emergency or disaster, sheriff’s offices need to communicate with people affected by the event. Sheriff’s office websites are logical sources for information about disaster preparedness and response efforts. No prior research evaluates emergency preparedness and response resources available through sheriff’s office websites. The current research is a national study of sheriff’s office websites to assess the availability of information relating to emergency preparedness and response. A content analysis of 2590 sheriff’s office website homepages was conducted to determine the presence or absence of nine communications elements important to people seeking information during an emergency or disaster. We found that 71.9% of sheriff’s office website homepages include links to agency services and programs, but only 6.5% provide links to emergency preparedness information. The findings of the study are useful to assess emergency preparedness and the amount of response information available, as well as to identify opportunities to improve sheriff’s office website homepages.     

Transferring custody from birth parents to foster parents – an ambiguous matter

In this study, we analyse 32 district court decisions regarding custody transfers from the birth parents to the foster parents in Sweden. When a child has been in foster care for three years, in order to enhance stability for child, the local social welfare committee considers a transferral of custody to the foster parents following an application to the district court. Although all but one of the decisions in our study favoured a custody transfer, the courts acknowledge different reasons for this. Specifically, there is vagueness about whether or not functioning contact between the child and birth parents is a hindrance in custody transfer. Our findings stress the need for clarification in the law regarding the criteria for custody transfer in order to reach a more unified judgment. Furthermore, the district courts do not sufficiently acknowledge children’s views, and we suggest that children and young people should be made more visible in the decision-making process.     

Preparing children for cross-examination: do the practice questions matter?

Research has shown that a brief intervention involving practice and feedback can help children maintain accuracy when challenged with cross-examination-style questions. To date, however, researchers have prepared children using the same cross-examination challenges that they would encounter during the subsequent cross-examination interview. It is unknown whether the intervention will still be effective when children later face novel cross-examination-style questions. Six- to 11-year-old children (n?=?132) took part in a staged memory event, and were then interviewed with analogues of direct-examination (1–2 days later) and cross-examination (6–8 weeks later). One week prior to the cross-examination interview, some children participated in a preparation session, where they were given practice answering cross-examination-style questions about an unrelated topic, and feedback on their responses. For half of these children, the cross-examination-style challenges they encountered during the preparation session were the same as the challenges they subsequently faced during cross-examination; for the others, there was no overlap. Relative to a control group that did not receive the intervention, the preparation session resulted in better performance during cross-examination, regardless of the degree of overlap. These findings are encouraging given that we can never predict the questions that cross-examining lawyers will ask children.     

我国解决公共健康危机的法律策略探析

对我国解决公共健康危机的国内法律策略进行探析,提出八种解决措施:强制许可、平行进口、专利权的例外、对限制竞争行为的控制、BOLAR例外、禁止反向支付、对传统知识和遗传资源予以知识产权保护以及医药专利审查制度——"事先同意"法律制度。其中前四种措施是国际社会上一直以来倡导的主要措施,后三种是新的解决公共健康危机的法律措施,其创新点在于:第一,呼吁将禁止反向支付纳入法律,并与BOLAR例外相结合使用,促进仿制药品的尽快上市;第二,将公共健康、医药品专利以及传统知识和遗传资源的知识产权保护三者紧密相连,通过对传统知识和遗传资源予以知识产权保护来应对发达国家的医药品专利;第三,"事先同意"法律制度是巴西提出的一种旨在保护公共健康,应对医药专利的新的法律制度,该制度规定凡是涉及医药品专利的申请都必须经过国家知识产权局和国家公共卫生监督局的公共审查,并且国家公共卫生监督局有是否授予专利的最终决定权。