Conservation Law in the USSR

The extensive development of social production in the USSR, and the associated steadily increasing utilization of diverse natural resources in the economy, compel us to intensify our concern for the protection of nature. In recent years, measures have been developed in our country to assure rational utilization and protection of the land, its mineral wealth, waters, forests, and animal life. The protection of nature has become an important state task and the concern of all the people.     

Exploring a Regional Technical Efficiency Frontier in the Former USSR

Using 1971–90 panel data from a Siberian province, two econometric methods are used side by side to examine technical inefficiency with a suggestion as to how the methods might be used in sequence. Estimates derived from a random effects method reveal that technical inefficiency is both substantial and not time invariant. Results using either a random or fixed effects method suggest that existing estimates of technical inefficiency in centrally planned economies may be biased downward because of the choice of the estimation method. Using either method, the increasing technical inefficiency found is likely to be one cause of the decline in the performance of centrally planned economies and their regions.     

Improving National Relations in the USSR

The problem of nationalities occupied a substantial place among the wide range of social problems raised at the Twenty-seventh CPSU Congress. The Soviet Union has been a pioneer in addressing the national question which, as V. I. Lenin wrote, is a worldwide phenomenon. It is one of the most acute questions in the history of mankind: the engendering of class antagonisms that inevitably entail national oppression, the lack of equality of nationalities before the law, and their inequality. Our country has convincingly demonstrated to the entire world that with the victory of socialism antagonisms in the sphere of national relations are being overcome. As noted in the new edition of the CPSU Program, "the Soviet Union has successfully resolved the national question that was left over from the past." In the course of socialist construction, the formerly backward national hinterlands have long ago vanished; socialist nations have joined to form an international community—the Soviet people—that is new in its social parameters; there have formed common cultural traits that are characteristic of Soviet people of all nationalities; national discord is a thing of the past; and the fraternal friendship of the peoples, forged in their common creative labor and tested in the most difficult of wars, has become the standard of life.     

Technology transfer in a global economy

The emergence of new technologies is acting both as a driving force and an enabling factor to globalization. At the same time, these technologies are changing rapidly, shortening the life cycles of products and the underlying processes, and raising technology costs. Technology transfer from academic and scientific institutions has thus transformed into a strategic variable for companies and nations to cope with these challenges in a global economy. This article introduces the rationale for the special issue on the role of technology transfer in a global economy. The paper summarizes the main topics and themes covered by a selection of papers and keynotes presented at the annual conference of the Technology Transfer Society in 2011, as well as providing some pointers towards a future research agenda.     

Political Interests and Their Realization in the USSR

In the Documents of the Twenty-Fourth Congress of the CPSU it is noted that the Party has constantly conducted and is conducting major and quite diverse work to improve the entire political organization of Soviet society. The principal direction in this activity has been and remains the further development of socialist democracy. "The Party manifests unflagging concern that our socialist democracy undergo constant development, that each individual feel himself a citizen in the fullest meaning of the word, concerned with the affairs of the people as a whole and bearing his share of the responsibility for them." (1)     

Separation of Church from State in the USSR

The present period in the development of society is characterized by a further weakening of the influence of religious ideology upon the public mind and an acceleration of the process of secularization of governmental and societal relationships. At the same time, in many capitalist countries as well as countries liberated from colonial dependence, religion and religious organizations continue to retain very firm positions and exercise a considerable influence upon the shaping of social relations and the content of legal systems. In a number of countries, religion, its canons, and dogmas are the principal source of law. The clerical movement also exercises a serious influence on the character of norms of public law in capitalist countries.     

The Legal Regulation of Invention in the USSR

Invention and scientific and technological progress. One of the main tasks before us in the development of the national economy of our country in light of the decisions of the XXVI Congress of the CPSU is increasing the pace of scientific and technological progress as a decisive condition for transferring the economy to a path of intensive development and raising the effectiveness of public production.¹ Scientific and technological progress is a dynamic and multifaceted process of improving all aspects of public production on the basis of science, technology, and the leading experience. Its essence consists in the fact that scientific progress joins technological progress in the single process of the scientific and technological development of society.²     

On the Nature of State Committees in the USSR

The reorganization of the structure of the agencies of state administration in accordance with the decisions of the November, 1962, Plenum of the CPSU Central Committee constituted a further development of the Leninist principle of administration of the economy with allowance for the "vast qualitative changes that had occurred in industry, construction, and agriculture, and with consideration of the gigantic increase in the volume of production." (1)     

On Migration Trends within the USSR

Recent years have seen a marked expansion of research into migration, which influences significantly the entire broad life of our society. The magnitude and direction of migrational flows, the composition of migrants, the geographical focuses of population exodus and influx are studied. The data of the 1970 census have been rather widely used in the study of migrational problems. Nevertheless, a number of problems in the diverse aspects of population migration have received little study.     

Investment limit cycles in a socialist economy

The present paper generalizes a linear cycle model of the socialist economy studied in Simonovits (1990): the two equations describing the reproduction of the tensions are retained, while the two linear reaction equations are confined to the interval of lower and upper bounds; outside these intervals the decisions are given by the corresponding bounds (cf. Hicks, 1950). The main result is the following: If a certain linear system of equations and inequalities has a solution, then there exists a limit cycle with period 4, the amplitude of which is independent of the initial states.     

Juvenile Delinquency in the USSR: A Criminological Survey

This article examines some statistical data concerning juvenile delinquency in the USSR, analyzes social and demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents, and describes special methods of preventing and combating juvenile delinquency in the USSR.

In those cases when the article does not contain direct references to the source of the data, the author cites the results of various research studies which are in his possession.     

苏联舆论审查与版权法的畸变

沙俄时期的版权法直接借鉴了法、德等国的法律，1911年版权法达到了西欧国家的保护水平。十月革命后，在苏维埃社会主义国家与法律框架下，版权法屡经修改，在基本保留欧洲版权法律框架的基础上，保护水平不高，公法化倾向明显。但是，按照苏维埃所理解的表达自由，苏联当局一直实施严厉的言论审查，作者受到迫害，文化遭遇整肃，版权法没有实现其应有的效力。相反，在专制主义体制下，现代版权畸变为政治特权。     

Current Problems in the Development of Internationality Relationships in the USSR

The nationalities question has always been one of the most important in the development of society and one of the most complex. The founders of Marxism-Leninism fought tirelessly against the confusion consciously introduced into this problem by bourgeois ideologists and politicians and against its distortion by all sorts of opportunists. It is specifically the complexity and importance of this problem that explain the fact that Lenin devoted many dozens of his works to it, including those written at the end of his life.     

The Purchase and Sale Of Licenses in the USSR

License purchase and sale operations, i.e., permissions to use and apply inventions and other technical advances, are expanding in the Soviet Union. The Directives of the 23rd Congress of the CPSU on the Five-Year Plan for Development of the National Economy of the USSR in 1966-1970 specifically provided for a "considerable expansion of trade in patents and licenses with foreign countries."