Status and prospects in developing morphologic studies in forensic medicine

Modern state of forensic medical morphological studies is analyzed. Main trends of research are reviewed (personality identification, diagnosis of acute alcohol and narcotic poisoning, morphology of craniocerebral injury, development of criteria for identifying the time when injuries were inflicted). Shortcomings in these studies and in practical forensic medical histological service are discussed. Prospects for further studies are outlined.     

10例青光眼法医临床学鉴定分析

目的探讨青光眼的形成机制、鉴别诊断、鉴定方法等相关问题。方法对10例青光眼的临床法医学鉴定例资料进行回顾性研究。结果10例青光眼中,5例为外伤性青光眼,1例可能为混合型,4例属病理性青光眼;鉴定时间在伤后3-12个月,其中轻微伤2例,轻伤6例,重伤2例。结论外伤性继发性青光眼的认定首先需有明确的眼部外伤史,其次是有能导致青光眼的损伤,而后监测眼压确诊青光眼;与病理性青光眼主要鉴别点为前房深浅、前房角、杯/盘比(C/D)、眼底血管改变等;损伤程度应在明确诊断及进行相关治疗后,主要依据视力及视野损害情况确定。     

Evaluating expertise in forensic anthropology

The medicolegal system relies on the ability of experts and non-experts alike to make judgments about expertise and use those judgments to reach consequential decisions. Given the lack of standard criteria, mandatory certification, or licensure for establishing expertise required to practice forensic anthropology and testify as an expert witness, we sought to understand how individuals assess and identify expertise in forensic anthropology by using a social science tool called the Imitation Game. This tool assesses immersion in a specific area of study via discourse, with the premise that some individuals lacking expertise themselves imitate or attempt to pass as experts. For this project we recruited volunteers with varying expertise in forensic anthropology to participate in interviews which asked questions about the practice and structure of the discipline. Those interviews were transcribed, anonymized, and evaluated by other recruited individuals with varying expertise in forensic anthropology. Results found that judges who were experts in forensic anthropology performed better than non-expert judges in determining who was not an expert in forensic anthropology based on their anonymized responses; however, nearly half of the non-experts were still able to pass as experts in forensic anthropology. The difficulties in assessing expertise based on discourse interactions demonstrates the value and need for well-defined credentials and mandatory certification to practice forensic anthropology. This study demonstrates that accurately identifying expertise in forensic anthropology may be challenging for both experts and non-experts, especially when relying solely on interactional expertise rather than formal assessments of competency which directly elucidate contributory expertise.     

The problems of differential diagnostics and forensic medical expertise of various forms of craniocerebral injuries

The problem of differential diagnostics and forensic medical expertise of various forms of craniocerebral injuries is discussed. It is concluded that clinical and laboratory studies are insufficient to objectively estimate the results of the examination. The authors emphasize the importance of searching for new and more informative diagnostic techniques.     

脑功能磁共振成像及其法医学应用前景

脑功能磁共振成像是近年来磁共振成像技术的一项新发展。它不仅能清晰、准确地显示脑组织的解剖和病理改变，还能同时观察到脑皮层功能活动时的信息，可无创、实时地对大脑的功能活动进行成像。为法医学领域中所涉及的人体损伤程度鉴定和伤残等级评估以及对法医精神病领域中认知功能的界定，从单一形态学研究到形态与功能相结合的系统研究开辟了一条崭新的道路。本文就人脑的功能活动磁共振成像的概念、原理、优势、临床研究状况及法医学应用前景进行综述。     

脑功能磁共振成像及其法医学应用前景

脑功能磁共振成像是近年来磁共振成像技术的一项新发展。它不仅能清晰、准确地显示脑组织的解剖和病理改变,还能同时观察到脑皮层功能活动时的信息,可无创、实时地对大脑的功能活动进行成像。为法医学领域中所涉及的人体损伤程度鉴定和伤残等级评估以及对法医精神病领域中认知功能的界定,从单一形态学研究到形态与功能相结合的系统研究开辟了一条崭新的道路。本文就人脑的功能活动磁共振成像的概念、原理、优势、临床研究状况及法医学应用前景进行综述。     

Efficiency of hardware-assisted tools in forensic expertise

The authors analyze the efficiency of special-purpose hardware-assisted tools (SHT) in forensic expertise. Unlike clinical medicine, in which the methods of quantitative and qualitative analysis are comprehensively used in choosing drugs, issues related with providing the state forensic-expertise facilities with specialized equipment have not been virtually elaborated up to now. The qualitative analysis based on the subjective evaluation of experts is used presently for the purposes. Therefore, development of objective criteria of evaluation of SHT for forensic expertise is an important and topical issue.