人民币汇率制度基于GATS的法律思考

GATS对我国人民币汇率制度的影响要从两个方面进行分析:一要看到我国遵照国际规范所选择的现行汇率制度──即接受国际货币基金组织第14条第2节的义务,实行经常项目自由化;对资本项下的货币自由兑换进行限制或管制并不与我国在加入WTO时所作的金融服务的承诺相冲突。二是同时应该注意尽管不冲突,但金融服务贸易自由化通过对资本流动的影响最终影响我国目前汇率制度的稳定,因此要适时调整我国的汇率制度。     

新一轮服务贸易谈判若干问题

服务贸易的市场准入及进一步的规则完善是世界贸易组织多哈回合谈判中的重要议题。GATS 规则谈判中的焦点问题包括国内监管纪律、紧急保障措施、服务的政府采购及补贴等。根据香港“部长会议宣言”及附件 C,新一轮服务谈判的发展将表现在谈判目标、方法、时限及关注发展中国家利益等各个方面。我国应积极参与这些谈判,在具体承诺和规则制定方面维护自己的利益。     

GATS与证券行政案件几个问题的探讨

GATS对证券监管在市场准入、国民待遇、投资权益保护、监管中立、透明度等方面提出了新的要求。在司法审查中 ,应根据不同类型的证券行政案件特点 ,贯彻新的理念。证券行政案件的当事人纷繁复杂 ,其诉讼主体资格都需要明确界定。对证券监管司法审查的强度及标准也要与GATS的要求相适应。     

GATS中的优惠安排及我国的应对措施

GATS中的优惠安排是照顾发展中国家利益的特别待遇。作为发展中国家的中国 ,入世之后应对其采取积极的应对措施。中国国际服务贸易现行的相关立法与GATS中的优惠安排存在许多差异 ,为了争取主动地位 ,充分利用GTAS中的优惠 ,我国必须对现行立法在形式和内容上进行完善。     

GATS框架下自然人流动的法律界定及缺陷分析

自然人流动是GATS规定的提供服务的一种模式,发展中国家在此领域具有天生明显的比较优势。本文在简要回顾了乌拉圭回合的自然人流动谈判历史的基础上,详细分析了GATS框架下自然人流动的法律界定问题及其缺陷。     

WTO体制下的贸易与环境若干问题评析--基于GATS与环境服务贸易的视角

环境服务谈判纳入GATS之中以及由此带来的法律适用上的冲突,从一个侧面折射出多边贸易体制下贸易与环境问题的复杂性.平衡与协调贸易与环境问题的难度与多边谈判的曲折,使许多问题已超出WTO体制的承载,通过对环境服务贸易在GATS协定中的法律适用的分析,反映出在WTO体制下处理好贸易与环境议题,尚需在理论与实践上作出进一步的探讨与努力.     

GATS协议中与竞争有关的规则与我国在服务贸易领域竞争法的完善

作者分析了GATS协议中与竞争政策与竞争规则有关的条款,指出服务贸易领域履行国民待遇原则的特点和难度;并对我国在服务贸易中存在的非公平竞争问题进行分析,建议我国在服务贸易领域建立和完善竞争法制。     

GATS与我国服务贸易的适度开放及立法完善

根据我国服务贸易的对外承诺及入世后公布实施的新法规 ,论述入世后一段时期内我国服务市场对外开放的程度、主要服务部门及相关立法 ,并在分析市场开放存在问题的基础上 ,提出完善我国国际服务贸易法的措施与对策。     

Regulation and Third-Party Discrimination in the German Electricity Supply Industry

Despite the monopolistic networks, the liberalized electricity supply industry in Germany is unregulated; the network-access charges are only subject to competition law, not to ex-ante approval. This paper explores the consequences of this policy by analyzing empirical observation with the theory of vertical relations. It concludes that the authorities' focus should be on the level of the access charges and not on discriminatory behavior. Unregulated access charges imply that the integrated firms have different incentives as compared to the independent entrants with respect to the competitive markets. Thereby, the principle of a level playing field is violated.     

Regulatory Threat in Vertically Related Markets: The Case of German Electricity

This paper applies the concept of regulatory threat to analyse the electricity supply industry in Germany, where in contrast to other European member states there is no ex-ante regulation of network access charges. Instead, network access relies on industrial self-regulation and ex-post control by the Cartel Office. The paper extends the concept of regulatory threat to vertically related markets, stressing an optimal balance between the level of the network access charges and discrimination against third parties. The conceptual framework appears to explain developments in the German electricity sector accurately and thus provides a useful tool for policy analysis.     

公用事业公私合作制实施的问题与对策——以“汇津污水处理案”为实证分析对象

多年来,公用事业公私合作制的实施加快了我国公用基础设施建设的步伐,增加了公共产品的数量,提高了公共服务的质量与效率。然而,在公私合作制实施过程中还存在着对私人资本保障不足、对公共利益关注不够等问题,尤其是在污水、垃圾处理等新兴环保型公用事业领域存在的问题较为突出。本文认为,可以通过完善政府相关职能、健全收费机制、建立公私合作合同制度、完善公众参与机制等途径,促进公用事业公私合作,提高公用事业产品与服务的质量,以期更好地实现社会福祉。     

Contracts, Investment Incentives and Efficiency in the Restructured Electricity Market

The paper highlights and analyzes the tension between designing power sale agreements that reduce uncertainty for the private investors and running the power systems as more efficiently as possible in the restructured electricity market. The features of such agreements are preliminary in resolving this tension and, therefore, in orienting the development of electricity markets restructuring towards a competitive direction. We define a theoretical contractual model, highlighting the tension between the two opposite directions: reducing uncertainty and risk in order to attract private investment and operating the power system efficiently. We apply the theoretical model for analysing the formal structure of a selected sample of power purchase agreements, really operating in the restructured electricity markets all over the world. We show how competitive contracting can increase efficiency pressures and, at the same time, increase investment risk. We then discuss some policy implications for the design of power purchase contracts in the restructured electricity market.     

Some Considerations on Faces of Justice by a 'Non-Specialist'

The author examines the well-known book by Mirjan Damaka aswell as other more recent books and writings of the distinguishedauthor against the specific background of the Italian experiencein reforming its system of criminal procedure with a view tocommenting upon sensitive issues in current international criminalproceedings. Three key factors in assessing the ‘real’nature of a procedural system are examined: (i) the role ofjudges in the proceedings; (ii) the rules on evidence and (iii)the duty to render reasoned decisions. Subsequently, the authortackles the issue of self-representation in international criminaljustice, in light of Damaka's categories (conflict-solving v.policy-implementing) and of the difficulties in transposingthem to the international level. Finally, the author warns thatthe analysis of international criminal justice should not beconfined in over-rigid models. The overriding concern must beto harmonize the ‘fair trial’ model with sensitivityto certain objectives of justice that cannot be possible objectsof compromise (as they may be where judicial authority operatespurely as arbiter of a dispute).     

21世纪中国货运代理业立法体制的研究

中国加入 WTO后必然面临着放宽货代市场准入的严峻考验 ,本文依据《服务贸易总协定》的基本原则 ,提出了 2 1世纪中国货运代理业立法体制模式的设想。     

论建设公共服务型政府的几个基本问题

作为一种全新的政府模式,公共服务型政府具有丰富的内涵。在新的时代条件下,我国只有采取切实有效的措施加快建设公共服务型政府,不断提高政府的社会管理和公共服务水平,才能适应经济社会发展的要求和应对激烈的国际竞争带来的挑战。     

台湾民间治安防范法治模式对大陆的借鉴意义

民间治安防范力量在大陆地区和台湾地区都发挥着重要作用。台湾民间治安防范工作取得了很好的社会效益,犯罪率明显下降,警民关系、邻里关系融洽,他山之石可以攻玉,希望大陆地区保留已有的先进经验的前提下,借鉴台湾地区的优秀工作成果,进一步完善大陆地区的民间治安防范力量。     

GATS第6条中的正当程序与良好管制探析

由于许多服务部门无不具有浓厚的管制色彩,因此在服务贸易中,国内管制是个非常重要的概念.GATS 第6条致力于规范非歧视性的管制性措施,要求WTO成员方遵守正当程序义务并通过完成第6条第4款的工作计划制定"良好"的管制规则.通过对第6条的结构和价值进行详细分析,指出该条在贸易自由化与管制主权之间保持微妙的平衡.     

涉外民事法律适用法的立法思考

<侵权责任法>通过后,立法重点已转移到<涉外民事法律适用法>的制定上来.本文阐述了改革现有冲突规则的必要性,并对涉外民事法律适用法的立法目标、指导原则与思想、立法内容、立法技术和方法进行了前瞻性的探讨.本文认为涉外民事法律适用法的制定应以系统化、现代化、科学性和必要的开放性为目标,应以最密切联系原则、当事人意思自治原则、当事人之间公平的实现与利益的兼顾、国内外法律体系的平等对待以及较弱方当事人的保护为指导原则与思想,同时,应恰当地运用比较法方法和立法技术.     

Tacit Collusion in the Frequently Repeated Multi-Unit Uniform Price Auction for Wholesale Electricity in England and Wales

Tacit collusion between National Power and PowerGen, the dominant generators in England and Wales for most of the 1990s, was widely speculated but was not definitively proven. In the event of a legal determination, the best available evidence is a test of suspicious patterns of bidding behavior. The methodology has two stages: the first is to show that the suspects behave differently from the rest, which are assumed competitive; the second stage is to ask whether or not strategies of suspects affect one another. Results: the impact of suspects on the aggregate bid function can not be explained away by costs and common market events, and a seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) on strategies of the suspects reveals bid inter-dependence and co-ordination on demand trends. A quarter of the dynamic indicators support an inference of tacit collusion. The existence of multiple equilibria in supergames, however, prevents a conclusive statement.     

对国际货物运输法统一化努力的思考

《联合国全程或者部分海上国际货物运输合同公约》是国际社会为推进国际货物运输法的统一而作的又一次努力。结合这一统一化运动,分析国际货物运输法统一化的动因、悖论、成果的局限性以及中国在这一过程中所起的作用,并对国际货物运输法统一化给予客观的评价。