行政公益诉讼第三人制度的实证反思与理论建构

行政公益诉讼是针对公权力之间就公共利益维护产生争议的解决方式,这一过程是否会涉及私主体的利益以及该私主体是否需要以第三人的身份加入诉讼进程,这是理论与实践都无法回避的课题。自2015年试点、2017年正式实施以来,已有不少第三人加入到了行政公益诉讼案件的实践。通过全样本的实证分析,实践中存在的问题包括三个方面:一是各地对于是否需要第三人认知不一致;二是第三人参加诉讼是为了维护利益还是为了查明事实不清楚;三是第三人在诉讼中的权利义务不清晰。产生这些问题既有理论上的因素,也有制度上的原因。解决的路径应是在理论上继续深入探讨行政公益诉讼的定位与第三人的性质,制度上尽快制定公益诉讼法以明确第三人的地位。     

刑事政策的理论预设:国家、权力与公共政策

刑事政策作为刑事法界域的一个基本范畴,是当下理论界与实务部门的一个热门话题。对作为刑事政策理论预设和逻辑前提的国家、权力、管理、决策、公共政策等范畴进行研究,从而将刑事政策本身置于一个深广的人文社会背景中加以考察,有助于提升刑事政策相关研究的理论品位,并充分释放其实践效能。     

公共政策、医疗行为与责任配置——关于医疗损害责任制度绩效的观察和评论

从法政策学的角度对侵权责任的制度绩效进行观察和验证,是后侵权责任立法时期中国民法学的重要学术使命之一。本文以医疗损害责任为分析对象,竭力展示公共政策与责任配置之间的微妙关系。研究表明,现阶段公共卫生政策的实质是通过加强管制约束来提高医疗服务的质与量。在此背景下,医疗损害责任的功能定位只能是激励而非补偿;且由于医疗服务自身的特性,相关责任配置的隐性激励作用更加突出。我国现行医疗损害责任在归责原则、责任形态和损失分摊方面分别存在激励不足、不当管制和风险无关的缺陷,极有可能导致制度失灵、立法目的落空,亟需加以改进。     

Looking Ahead: Addressing Ethical Challenges in Public Health Practice

Ethical challenges in public health can have a significant impact on the health of communities if they impede efficiencies and best practices. Competing needs for resources and a plurality of values can challenge public health policymakers and practitioners to make fair and effective decisions for their communities. In this paper, the authors offer an analytic framework designed to assist policymakers and practitioners in managing the ethical tensions they face in daily practice. Their framework is built upon the following set of six considerations: determining population-level utility of the proposed action; demonstrating evidence of need and effectiveness of actions; establishing fairness of goals and proposed implementation strategies; ensuring accountability; and, assessing expected efficiencies and costs associated with the proposed action. Together, these considerations create a structured guide to assist decision-makers in identifying potential ethical challenges and in assessing the moral considerations that underlie public health practice - and possibly even, if the conditions are met, reduce the creation of ethical tension. Although the authors'empirical experiences provide the basis for the framework advanced here, their approach remains to be tested and evaluated by public health practitioners.     

检察公益诉讼的诉权迷思与理论重构

在检察公益诉讼中,关于检察机关的诉讼称谓、诉讼权利义务、受案范围限于"等内"还是扩张至"等外"一直存在对立的观点.实际上,相关讨论及其理论分歧与行政诉讼诉权理论紧密相关.虽然行政公益诉讼并非行政诉讼中一项核心机制,但朝着主观诉讼方向发展的诉权理论已经从诉权实体化、私法化和主观化角度束缚了检察公益诉权的合理建构.为了推动...     

Ethics, Information Technology, and Public Health: New Challenges for the Clinician-Patient Relationship

Increasingly widespread adoption of health information technology tools in clinical care increases interest in ethical and legal issues related to the use of these tools for public health and the effects of these uses on the clinician-patient relationship. It is argued that patients, clinicians, and society have generally uncontroversial duties to support civil society's public health mission, information technology supports this mission, and the effects of automated and computerized public health surveillance are likely to have little if any effect on the clinician-patient relationship. It is also suggested, nevertheless, that electronic public health surveillance raises interesting and important ethical issues, some of which can be addressed if not resolved by empirical research, especially regarding patient preferences about secondary use of health data and their moral obligation to contribute to population- based health.     

Using the Wrong Policy Tools: Education,Charity, and Public Benefit

A recent decision on the application of public benefit under the Charities Act 2006 sidestepped the political debate surrounding the charitable status of independent fee‐charging schools. The broader political context nevertheless underscores the legislative reforms, and this article questions whether the new statutory public benefit requirement has utility as a welfare policy tool in the field of education. It examines the public benefit requirement in charity law against the backdrop of government policy towards education and the broader political agenda for a mixed economy of welfare provision, and argues that the difficulties Labour faced in developing its education policies were replicated in the application of the post‐Act public benefit requirement to fee‐charging schools. As a result, achieving broader policy goals for widening educational opportunity through public benefit was almost impossible given the regulatory framework and the principles upon which charity law is founded.     

Theorizing about Trial Courts: Lawyers, Policymaking, and Tobacco Litigation

What role do litigation and trial court decisions play in shaping policy? This article explores that question by examining recent litigation against tobacco manufacturers filed by state attorneys general, plaintiff lawyers in class actions, lawyers for cities, unions, health plans, individual smokers, and others. I suggest how this litigation contributed to agenda setting, new ways of defining the problem, of tobacco and the policy alternatives, political mobilization, new legal norms, and new political and legal resources for opponents of tobacco. Addressing theoretical debates about the power of the courts to effect change, I distinguish between causal and constitutive arguments and suggest how both can be incorporated in social analysis.     

法国行政诉讼纲要：历史、构造、特色及挑战——区域行政立法模式前瞻

法国行政诉讼系欧陆行政诉讼的一大范本,在大陆法系甚至在英美法系都具有广泛的影响力。仅就学术研究而言,其已成为比较行政诉讼领城必不可少的研判素材。其中,历史、制度、特色与挑战构成法国行政诉讼研究的基本框架,系比较行政诉讼的基本逻辑起点。