La Marcha Violenta? Railroads and Land in 19th‐century Mexico

The impact of railroad development on land tenure and use in 19th‐century Mexico has long been central to interpretations of Mexico's rural history, in particular of the grievances culminating in the Revolution (1910–20). The prevailing interpretation, that railroads displaced Mexican peasants and smallholders from the land, has intuitive appeal but lacks empirical support. This article treats the question of the railroads' impact by studying the terms of the railroads' acquisition of land in southern Mexico. It argues that railroads failed to displace owners and occupants of the land, despite the governments's new laws and handpicked agents intended to oust recalcitrant residents with minimal delay and expense.     

Quelles Réponses Politiques Face à la Globalisation et à la Construction Européenne? Illustration à Partir de la Révision de la loi Suisse sur les cartels

Pour les petits Etats européens, comme la Suisse, qui avaient réussi à concilier stabilité politique et flexibilité économique, les années 90 marquent un tournant important par l'ampleur des mesures de libéralisation réalisées ou en cours. L'"ajustement" à l'évolution de l'environnement international ne se limite plus aux secteurs déjà soumis à la concurrence internationale mais touche l'ensemble de l'économie: agriculture, entreprises publiques, marchés publics, marché du travail, réglementation de la main d'oeuvre étrangère ou encore promotion de la concurrence sur le marché intérieur. Alors que l'ancienne législation sur les cartels se caractérisait par sa permissivité et sa faible portée, la nouvelle loi s'apparente dans ses grandes lignes au droit européen de la concurrence. Après une présentation des particularités de l'ancienne loi, le texte analyse le processus de révision: les impulsions internes et externes, le rôle des acteurs impliqués et les coalitions qui ont permis l'aboutissement de cette révision. Pour terminer, nous revenons sur quelques considérations théoriques plus générales.     

Vers une didactique du fran?ais, langue de spécialité

En Chine,il existe deux programmes d' enseignement du fran?ais. L' un s' adresse aux étudiants de fran?ais et vise surtout à former des traducteurs, des enseignants de fran?ais ou des littéraires. l' autre ne re?oit que des éudiants de sciences et de technique et a pour objectif d' élargir leurs connaissances dans un domaine scientifique ou technique. Pour les distinguer l' un de l' autre, on appelle le premier porgramme     

L＇héritage zolien dans La Jeune fille Violaine de Paul Claudel

保罗·克劳岱(Paul Claudel,1868-1955)的创作经常因其宗教面而被拿来与自然主义作对照。十九世纪末、二十世纪初象征主义萌芽之际,自然主义已发展至末期。的确,两个思潮之间存在着对立,但并不表示左拉(Emile Zola,1840-1902)未对后来的克劳岱产生影响。本文将支持此一假说,并以左拉的著作《土地》(La Terre,1887)和克劳岱的剧作《少女薇奥莲》(La Jeune fille Violaine,1892)为例,力图指出两个作品之间的共通点。     

"Libya--Which Way Facing?"

The following address was given recently by Sir Alec Kirkbrids,lately Ambassador in Libya, to a meeting of the Royal EmpireSociety to which members of the Royal African Society were invited.The chair was taken by Lt-Col. Sir Stewart Symes.     

Sacred Laïcité and the Politics of Religious Resurgence in France: Whither Religious Pluralism?

This article contributes to the current scholarly discussion by inviting us to look at secularism not as a static model of religious governance, but as a formation that shifts with time and that is deeply related to our contemporary understanding of religion. As such, it investigates the recent transformations of French secularism. In 2004 France passed a law banning visible religious symbols in public schools. Since then French secularism has increasingly become a sacred – non-negotiable – element of collective life. Drawing on Kim Knott's concept of the ‘secular sacred’, the article investigates, through an analysis of policy reports, law proposals and laws, how this discursive usage of secularism has been used to set apart particular spaces from others: secular spaces that carry the ‘supreme’ values of secularism. In this process, the role of public servants and citizens has been changing, as they have been invested with the responsibility of policing the boundaries of these spaces. New tools, such as charters of secularism, laws and regulations, and state bodies are being imagined to consolidate these boundaries. The article also explores how ‘religious resurgence’ (and more specifically ‘Islamic resurgence’) has been essential to this ‘sacred-making’ activity: to give substance to values that are non-negotiable and need to be separated from those that are not. Overall, the piece posits, in line with other recent works, that sacred-making is not reserved to the ‘religious’, but can become a central component of how secularism gets articulated and deployed. In so doing, it underscores the importance of documenting how meanings given to secularism shift to grasp the politics that underpin discourses on religious resurgence.