In the wake of revolution: Eastern Europe in the 1990s

Summary

A ‘new world order’ and a ‘Europe whole and free’ are phrases that epitomize the hopeful rhetoric born of East European revolutions in 1989. In the three years since we were awed by the courage of citizens disgusted with communist party rule, and surprised by the rapidity of such regimes’ demise, socio‐economic and political realities have dimmed hopes and constrained expectations. The work of building free governments and free markets after decades of neglect and abuse faces East Europeans in the 1990s and beyond.

The dangers suggested above are not hyperbole, and represent real and present threats to the hopes of Poles, Romanians, and the other people, for better futures. Comparisons across the region are much less valid than at any time in the last half century. Nevertheless, the goals of post‐communist leaders ‐ security, democracy and market ‐ face similar extraordinary challenges that can easily derail these processes. Americans and our longstanding allies cannot ensure the survival and further development of East European democracy, but we must certainly be more engaged in helping them help themselves.     

20世纪90年代拉美国家的财政管理改革

20世纪90年代大多数拉美国家实施了调整预算权力分配、建立财政货币政策协调机制、进行财政支出项目规划、完善财政支出控制和监督制度等方面的财政管理改革,其目标是控制财政赤字,提高财政管理效率和公共支出效益,发挥财政政策的宏观调控功能。由于经济不稳定和政治力量分化严重,一些国家财政管理改革的连续性较差,难以深入。上述两重因素构成了拉美国家深化财政管理改革的主要障碍。     

Islamic terrorist activities in turkey in the 1990s

This article focuses on Islamic terrorism in the framework of overall Islamic activity in Turkey. It argues that Islamic terrorist organizations active in Turkey during the 1990s strived to establish an Islamic shari ’a‐based state on the Iranian example, profited from deeper social and political trends in Turkish society and, at the same time, strengthened those trends by their violence. These groups enjoyed wide Iranian support and often acted on behalf of Iranian local and regional, political and strategic interests. The reaction of Turkish authorities in the past to Islamic terrorist activity was limited, and thus encouraged leaders of these groups and their sponsors to continue escalating violence, hoping it would bring down the secular democratic regime in Turkey.     

European security and defence policy: from cologne to sarajevo

This article reviews the development of the EU's European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) from its inception at the Cologne European Council Summit in June 1999 until its most immediate challenge, namely, the establishment of a military mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina to take over from NATO's SFOR mission at the end of 2004. After a general survey, an analysis of the challenges and trends that confront ESDP in the coming period follows. In particular, issues relating to recognition, governance and post-nationalism are explored.     

浅议20世纪90年代以来的全球反美主义

20世纪90年代以来,全球反美主义风行一时。美国政府与学界主流拒不承认全球反美主义源自美国霸权主义外交政策这一事实,反而认为反美主义是一种强烈仇视美国霸权地位的“国际病态行为”。美国政府的应对措施虽然在一定程度上使得全球反美主义有一定回落,但并未从根本上消除反美主义,反而加深了国际民众对美国霸权的愤恨。全球反美主义仍将持续存在,并可能出现新的高潮。     

20世纪90年代以前拉美国家金融压抑的状况及其影响

拉美国家是比较早实施金融自由化改革的发展中国家.导致拉美国家实施金融自由化改革的原因有很多,但是最根本、最深厚的原因在于该地区长期对经济实施干预政策,金融压抑现象严重,阻碍了经济的发展.拉美国家20世纪90年代以前实施金融压抑政策的原因主要是受凯恩斯国家干预主义的影响、盛行经济民族主义以及实施进口替代工业化战略,主要表现为利率限制、高存款准备金率、直接信贷管制等.实施金融压抑政策初期对拉美经济发展起了促进作用,但随着时间的推移,其弊端逐渐显露,导致经济增长乏力、宏观经济动荡.     

European Energy Security Challenges and Solutions

On January 7, 2009 just as Europe was in the midst of a very cold winter, Russia turned off the gas taps to Ukraine, a major transit corridor for Russian gas into Europe. Gas shortage has been reported in more than 20 countries,     

The FARC and democracy in Colombia in the 1990s

Three issues dominate the debate about the leading guerrilla group in Colombia, the Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC). The issues are the survival and strengthening of the movement after the end of the cold war, its incapacity to defeat the state and the chronic nature of the conflict. The article addresses these issues through the concept of the partial breakdown of the state, first used in reference to the political violence of the 1950s. The account finds little room for hope about the success of the peace talks currently taking place between the government and the FARC. The outlook is for chronic conflict that will continue to sap Colombia's democracy.