中国汉族人腰椎的性别差异

目的提供体质人类学的数据资料 ,建立中国汉族腰椎性别判别的方法。方法根据人体骨骼测量方法 ,测量 117付 (男 80 ,女 3 7付 ,年龄 17～ 90岁 )中国汉族人腰椎的 10项指标 ;选择性别差异显著的椎测量项目 ,建立腰椎及各腰椎的性别判别方程。结果第一至第五腰椎均有 5个以上的测量项目的数据存在显著意义的性别差异 (P<0 0 5 ) ;建立的 5个腰椎及各腰椎的性别判别方程 ,判别率在 69 4%～ 91 8% ,以 5个腰椎的多项指标的性别判别方程的准确率最高 (91 8% ) ,其次为第一腰椎 (84 5 % )和第二腰椎 (82 1% )。结论中国汉族人腰椎的性别差异以第一和第二腰椎明显 ,腰椎性别判定以多项指标的准确率高     

人体腓骨的性别判别分析

骨骼的性别判定是法医人类学的重要内容。长期以来,法医在实际检案中主要通过对骨骼大体形态的观察来区别男女。一般情况下,男性长骨较女性粗而重,肌嵴和骨突较发达,关节端的头和骨髁较大[1]。然而,由于两性之间在形态特征上重叠范围较大,仅仅据此进行性别判定需要丰富的实际经     

肘部骨骼年龄判定方法的研究

本文根据学龄儿童肘关节部位骨髂的X线解剖特点,制定出一套适用于男10～15岁,女8～13岁儿童的肘部骨骼发育年龄判定方法。该方法可分为两部分:肘骨龄标准图谱和肘骨龄计分判定法。骨龄标准图谱由男女分开的两套肘部X线标准片组成。计分法包括男女共用的肘部骨标志发育分期图和男女分开的相应骨成熟分数表和标准百分数曲线。两种方法都附有较详细的使用说明。骨龄图谱使用简便,计分法的精确性较高。     

烧骨组织形态变化及DNA技术在个体识别中的应用

烧骨在火灾、焚尸、交通、爆炸等案件和事故的检材中具有特殊的地位。通过对不同条件焚烧下烧骨组织形态及DNA变化规律的研究,可为法医实践中烧骨的种属鉴定、性别及年龄判定提供准确的依据和标准,同时可利用残存的基因位点对烧骨残块进行个体识别和同一认定。烧骨DNA的提取方法及检测技术也在不断探索和改进。本文对烧骨在形态学、组织学和分子生物学水平研究进展以及烧骨评测的方法、技术进行概述,旨在为法医实践及进一步研究提供新的方法和思路。     

腰椎第二次骨化中心未愈一例

<正> 王某,女,38岁,民工。1989年3月23日从约4米高的施工处摔下,致第8胸椎椎体压缩性骨折,第5腰椎前上缘撕脱骨折(X 线报告结果)。因其要求施工单位赔偿数额较大,自诉到法院。在对其进行法医学鉴定时,复查其伤后 X 线片发现其中第5腰椎前上缘三角形骨块外周均可见明显骨化征,椎体及骨块边缘钝圆。笔者     

肋骨组织形态测量推断年龄1例

1案情某年6月7日,在市郊一向阳山坡上发现一具高度腐败男尸,自然仰卧在山坡上。尸体外表检查,全身无外伤痕迹。凭其口袋内一张日历（6月1日）初步判定其死亡时间是6月1日。为寻找尸源,需判定其年龄。2法医学鉴定按文献[1]方法,在尸体右侧第6肋骨的中1／3段横断,锯下0．5cm长的一段肋骨制成骨磨片,在100倍光学显微镜下计算下列组织形态学参数：（1）皮质骨面积（corticalarea,CA）：在骨内膜和骨外膜间的骨皮质面积;（2）完整骨单位数（intactosteons,IO）：具备完整中央管结构的骨单位数目;（3）碎片骨单位数（fraglnenteqoste…     

活体跟骨数字X线片性别判定

目的应用数字X线摄影方法测量跟骨,评估5项测量指标在法医学性别判定中的价值。方法393例受试对象随机分组,实验组334例(男性148例,女性186例),验证组59例(男性26例,女性33例)。每一受试对象按照规定投照方法摄跟骨侧位DR片,分别测量5项跟骨长度指标。方差分析检验实验组各项指标性别间差异,Fisher判别分析及多元逐步判别分析建立性别判别函数。验证组样本数据回代,前瞻性评估判别效能。结果5项指标性别差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。共建立了6组性别判别函数,性别判断正确率在78.4%～88.9%之间;回代检验,判断正确率在79.7%～86.4%之间。结论跟骨侧位数字X线片5项长度测量指标代入判别函数进行性别判定的方法可为法医学个人识别中的性别判定提供帮助。     

中国男性青少年骨龄鉴定方法

目的研制我国当代男性青少年骨关节X线的法医学骨龄鉴定标准。方法摄取11～20周岁男性青少年X线片,根据继发骨化中心出现、干-骺闭合的影像学特征将骨发育程度分级,用SPSS、SAS软件统计分析。结果大部分指标与年龄呈中度以上相关;建立了推断年龄的最优多元回归方程及判定是否已满14、16和18周岁的判别方程。结论选用多部位、多指标综合推断骨龄可提高准确率;该法适用于国人青少年活体年龄的判定。     

根据手籽骨判定青少年年龄

<正> 年龄推断是法医人类学研究的一项重要的内容。目前,在法医人类学中有关青少年年龄判定的方法不是很多,已有的方法应用较为复杂。本文作者通过对青少年右手的X线片观察,根据手拇指内侧掌指关节处籽骨的出现与形态变化,推导出判定青少年年龄的多元回归方程,期望为法医人类学的年龄判定提供一种新方法。     

中国人男性硬腭的年龄变化研究

目的探讨腭缝及硬腭骨质年龄变化的规律,建立腭骨年龄判定的方法。方法对268例已知生前确切年龄的中国汉族男性的上腭硬腭腭缝的愈合情况及硬腭表面的骨质情况,进行了观察,将观察结果进行评分分级后,探讨硬腭骨骼特征与年龄的关系。结果将硬腭骨骼特征与年龄进行相关分析,并建立硬腭判定年龄的多组回归方程,判断年龄误差最小的为4.5岁。结论本文提出的硬腭年龄判定的方法,准确性较高,在较大年龄组的个体也可以得到较好的结果,是骨骼年龄判定的一个新的实用、可靠的方法。     

Generating a Vertebrae‐based Method to Discriminate between Korean and U.S. White Male Casualties from the Korean War,

Low recovery rate of intact crania in conflict‐related contexts necessitates the use of postcranial elements for ancestry estimation. This study aimed to develop a new method to discriminate between Korean and U.S. White casualties from the Korean War using vertebrae. Maximum body heights of C2 through L5 were measured from 75 Korean and 51 U.S. males to generate discriminant functions. U.S. vertebral heights were statistically greater than Koreans in 18 out of 23 vertebrae (C2, C4‐6, T3‐6, and T8‐L5). The functions with lumbar vertebrae tended to yield higher correct classification ratios (CCR) than those with cervical or thoracic vertebrae. Inclusion of the femur and tibia lengths in the vertebrae‐involved functions enhanced the CCR's. Discriminant functions using the femur and tibia length were also presented. The results of this study are expected to complement the current practices of the Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency and the Ministry of National Defense Agency for KIA Recovery and Identification, which are primarily based on cranial and dental morphology.     

中国汉族女性腰椎的身高推断

测量中国汉族女性腰椎,建立腰椎推断身高的方法。按人体骨骼测量方法,对第一至第五腰椎的10项指标进行测量,并将各腰椎的测量数据与身高进行相关分析,建立中国汉族女性腰椎推断身高的回归方程。获得的推断身高的5个回归方程,其相关系数(r)和标准差(s)分别为 r_1=0.751,s=45.0171;r_2=0.698,s=48.2804;r_3=0.758,s=43.3508;r_4=0.497,s=56.0890;r_5=0.606,s=53.3158。本研究建立的方法误差小,可以用于中国汉族女性腰椎的身高推断。     

Radiographic age estimation based on degenerative changes of vertebrae

Age estimation is an important component of decedent identification. When assessing adult remains, anthropologists frequently use gross examination of skeletal elements, such as clavicles, ribs, and pubic symphyses. For fleshed bodies, this requires the removal of these elements and maceration prior to analysis. A new method was developed using radiographic imaging to estimate age from degenerative changes of the lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae. This technique will complement anthropological age estimation methods in young and middle-aged adults and may serve as a stand-alone method for older individuals. Digital radiographs from 240 medical examiner cases were evaluated. The sample included 120 females and 120 males between the ages of 18 and 101 years. A 3-phased scoring system was used for the target vertebrae. Transition analysis was conducted on binned average scores and a Bayesian approach was used to assign age intervals. At the 90% credible interval, individuals in Bin 1 were under 36 years of age while those in Bin 3 were over 47 years of age. Individuals in Bin 2 showed too much age variation to be informative. No significant differences were found between males and females. These findings will be especially useful in the age estimation of older adults and may eliminate the need for skeletal sampling in medicolegal cases where advanced degenerative changes are radiographically observed in the lower thoracic and/or upper lumbar vertebrae. This method was developed for use on fleshed individuals but may also be applicable to skeletonized remains.     

基于腰椎高度X线测量技术推断四川汉族女性身高

目的通过腰椎高度X线测量技术,建立四川汉族女性身高的数学模型,为法医人类学研究积累基础数据。方法收集206例四川汉族女性个体按年龄分为A、B、C 3组,其中A组(206例)不分年龄,B组(116例)为20~45岁,C组(90例)为45岁以上,并应用计算机X线摄影(computer radiography,CR)技术分别测量所有样本腰椎CR片中5个椎体(L1~L5)前缘、后缘、中央高度(x1~x15),脊柱腰段中央总长度(x16),同时测量每个个体真实身高,对各测量指标联合与身高的相关性进行线性回归分析,建立推断身高的数学模型,并重新选取62例样本代入数学模型,检验模型的准确性。结果所建立的数学模型经线性回归模型假设检验,均具有统计学意义(P0.05),回归方程的推断标准误为2.982~5.004cm,相关系数为0.370~0.779,复相关系数为0.533~0.834。对每组相关系数、复相关系数最高的方程进行回代检验,其中A组的y=100.33+1.489 x3-0.548 x6+0.772 x9+0.058 x12+0.645 x15的准确率最高,为80.6%(±1SE)、100%(±2SE)。结论本研究建立的数学模型适用于推断四川汉族女性身高。     

Sex Determination by Discriminant Function Analysis of Lumbar Vertebrae

Sex determination is critical for developing the biological profile of unidentified skeletal remains. When more commonly used elements (os coxa, cranium) for sexing are not available, methods utilizing other skeletal elements are needed. This study aims to assess the degree of sexual dimorphism of the lumbar vertebrae and develop discriminant functions for sex determination from them, using a sample of South African blacks from the Raymond A. Dart Collection (47 males, 51 females). Eleven variables at each lumbar level were subjected to univariate and multivariate discriminant function analyses. Univariate equations produced classification rates ranging from 57.7% to 83.5%, with the highest accuracies associated with dimensions of the vertebral body. Multivariate stepwise analysis generated classification rates ranging from 75.9% to 88.7%. These results are comparable to other methods for sexing the skeleton and indicate that measures of the lumbar vertebrae can be used as an effective tool for sex determination.     

Body height estimation based on dimensions of sacral and coccygeal vertebrae

This study is to evaluate whether it is possible to predict living stature from sacral and coccygeal vertebral dimensions. Individual vertebral body heights, sacral height (SH), and sacrococcygeal height (SCH) were recorded from the magnetic resonance images of 42 adult males. Sum of the heights of five sacral vertebrae (sigmaS), the first four coccygeal vertebrae (sigmaC), and the total height of the sacral and the first four coccygeal vertebrae together (sigmaSC) were also recorded. Linear regression equations for stature estimation were produced using the above mentioned variables. The regression equations were constructed and tested by using jack-knife procedure. Statistical analyses indicated that the combined variables (SH, SCH, sigmaS, sigmaC, sigmaSC) were more accurate predictors of stature than the heights of individual vertebrae. The results of the study pointed out that the equations derived from sacrococcygeal dimensions perform somewhat better than ones based on foot and head variables, but worse than those based on long-bone length. As a conclusion, the dimensions of sacral and coccygeal vertebrae could be used for stature estimation when long bones are not available.     

Integrating Growth Variability of the Ilium,Fifth Lumbar Vertebra,and Clavicle with Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines Models for Subadult Age Estimation

Subadult age estimation should rely on sampling and statistical protocols capturing development variability for more accurate age estimates. In this perspective, measurements were taken on the fifth lumbar vertebrae and/or clavicles of 534 French males and females aged 0–19 years and the ilia of 244 males and females aged 0–12 years. These variables were fitted in nonparametric multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) models with 95% prediction intervals (PIs) of age. The models were tested on two independent samples from Marseille and the Luis Lopes reference collection from Lisbon. Models using ilium width and module, maximum clavicle length, and lateral vertebral body heights were more than 92% accurate. Precision was lower for postpubertal individuals. Integrating punctual nonlinearities of the relationship between age and the variables and dynamic prediction intervals incorporated the normal increase in interindividual growth variability (heteroscedasticity of variance) with age for more biologically accurate predictions.     

Sacral fusion as an aid in age estimation

The degree of fusion at the anterior aspect of the sacral vertebrae has been scored in 242 male and female skeletons from the Lisbon documented collection, ranging from 16 to 59 years old in age. Statistical tests indicate a sex difference towards earlier fusion in young females compared with young males, as well as a clear association between degree of fusion and age. Similar results have been found by other authors in documented skeletal samples from Coimbra and Sassari, and the recommendations stated by these authors regarding age estimation have been positively tested in the Lisbon collection. Although more research from geographically diverse samples is required, a general picture of the pattern of sacral fusion and its associations with age and sex is emerging. We also provide a practical example of the usefulness of the sacrum for age estimation in a forensic setting, a mass grave from the Spanish Civil War. It is concluded that the scoring of the degree of fusion of the sacral vertebrae, specially of S(1-2), can be a simple tool for assigning skeletons to broad age groups, and it should be implemented as another resource for age estimation in the study of human skeletal remains.     

The effects of aging on the comparability of antemortem and postmortem radiographs

To study the effects of aging on the ability to make positive identifications from radiographs of the postcranial axial skeleton, we collected early and later exposed abdominal X-rays from five patients whose period of treatment spanned from ten to twenty-three years. Corresponding lumbar vertebrae from each pair of radiographs were compared for similarities and differences in several of the criteria that have been reported as useful for individualization. These include shapes of the bodies, spinous processes, transverse processes, pedicles, and osteophytic extrusions. It is our conclusion that even though bone is a flexible tissue and changes constantly during life, aspects of the criteria chosen are quite stable and that even after two-and-a-half decades the ability to make positive identifications from postcranial axial material is not necessarily diminished.     

计算机X线摄片测量四川地区活体男性颈椎推算身高

目的 以计算机放射学(computer radiography,CR)X线摄影方法,摄颈椎侧位CR片,测量颈椎高度,建立推算身高的回归方程.并评估放射学方法测量颈椎高度推算身高的可行性.方法 在150例四川汉族成年活体男性颈椎CR片上测量C3～C7前、后缘高度,同时测量其身高.通过各项颈椎测量指标与身高的线性回归分析,建立颈椎推算身高的回归方程;并对方程进行身高预测值与实际值的配对t检验、残差分析、等方差性检验以及共线性检验等方程的预测与诊断.结果 共建立有统计学意义的一元回归方程31个,多元回归方程20个.所建立回归方程的复相关系数在0.656～0.259范围内,身高估计值标准误在4.30-5.79cm范围.结论 所建立的回归方程适用于四川汉族成年男性颈椎身高推算.应用CR放射学方法测量颈椎高度推算身高,可以为法医学个人识别身高推算提供帮助.