Policy emergence and policy convergence: the case of 'scientific-bureaucratic medicine' in the United States and United Kingdom

This article examines how the rather similar approaches to the management of medical care (which here we term 'scientific-bureaucratic medicine') emerged within the public-policy agendas of both the United Kingdom and United States during the 1990s. In particular, we address the theoretical puzzle of how explanations of policy emergence in single countries can be reconciled with policy convergence between two countries.     

公共空间的争夺——欧洲穆斯林社群与当地主流社群冲突的再解读

近年来在欧洲不断发生的穆斯林社群与欧洲本土主流社群之间的冲突,实质上是一场双方对公共空间的争夺战,问题的核心是公共空间的归属。这种争夺产生的原因有三个方面:首先,痛苦的历史记忆与负面的现实认知的双重发酵形成缺乏信任的社会观念结构;其次,多元文化的价值观与平等、自由的价值观在理论和现实层面上存在的冲突使公共政策不能很好地平衡双方利益;最后,欧洲公民不仅是一个法律概念,还应该融合文化与价值理念,而欧洲穆斯林的这种双重身份并没有得到欧洲主流群体足够的理解和关注。这些问题的解决应立足于对公共空间的重新分配、对公共政策失衡的审视及对公民身份的重新定义和建构,这也是欧洲主流群体与欧洲穆斯林群体和解和合作的关键。