Integrating Environmental Protection and EU Competition Law: Why Competition Isn't Special

One of the biggest challenges facing environmental policy makers at present is that of integrating environmental protection goals into economic policy areas. Unless this is genuinely achieved, it is clear that environmental degradation will continue apace. Though one of the EU's most important areas of economic competence is competition policy, many policy makers and commentators reject the notion that environmental concerns should play a significant role in EU competition analysis. In that light, this article addresses two key questions. First, should this approach apply? Second, if not, what are the principles that govern how environmental protection requirements should be taken into account by decision makers applying EU competition law? In answering these questions, the article puts forward three theoretical arguments as to why, and how, the environmental benefits and damage flowing from goods and services should be taken into account by EU competition decision makers, based, respectively, on legal systematic, governance and economic reasoning.     

现代民法中自然人制度的反思与重塑

自然人作为现代民法中首要的民事主体制度 ,其本身的建构以及与其他制度的相互联系 ,无不体现文明的法治对人的终极关怀。笔者从自然人的本质入手 ,构造了理想状态的“自然人” ,然后从经济、法律文化的角度 ,借助历史的方法 ,指出在我国重塑民法上自然人制度的必要性。     

The regulation of heroin: Drug policy and social change in early twentieth-century Britain

Heroin, a derivative of opium, was first created in 1874 and was marketed in 1898 as a cough medicine by a German pharmaceutical company. In Britain, the dispensing of heroin was initially restricted to pharmacists under the general pharmacy and poisons legislation. Just 22 years later, the Dangerous Drugs Act 1920 made it a criminal offence to manufacture, sell, distribute or possess heroin for non-medical purposes. This article attempts to explain this major shift in the regulation of heroin by drawing on David Garland's influential book Punishment and Welfare. Garland traces the fundamental transformation in social regulation that occurred at the turn of the twentieth century, arguing that a new penal-welfarism emerged which was to underpin the welfarist politics that held sway until the 1970s. It is argued that by locating the shift in heroin regulation in this wider context of social change, some new insights are revealed. In conclusion, some implications of this argument for contemporary approaches to heroin are discussed.     

民法的回顾与展望

主题:“中国民法建设论坛”第一场讲演人:江平(中国政法大学终身教授)评论人:苏永钦(台湾政治大学教授)主持人:米健(中国政法大学教授)时间:2005年12月19日下午2:00-4:30地点:中国政法大学研究生院教学楼219室米健教授(主持人):谢谢诸位光临“中国民法建设论坛”首场讲演现场。“中国民法建设论坛”是中国政法大学比较法研究所和中德法学院联合举办的第一个大型的民法学术论坛。今天的首场论坛请到了大家都很敬重的江平老师担任主讲。江老师今天讲的题目是“民法的回顾与展望”,实际上他是要把近几年来,他对民法学的研究以及参与民事立法的…     

Competition policy: consequences of restrictive trade practices and price-fixing provisions for medical practitioners in Australia and New Zealand

Competition laws have only applied to many participants in the health care industry in Australia and New Zealand since the mid 1990s. Since then, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission has considered a number of applications by medical practitioner associations and private hospitals to authorise potentially anti-competitive conduct, while the New Zealand Commerce Commission has successfully prosecuted a group of ophthalmologists. Amongst medical practitioners, however, there is still confusion and misunderstanding concerning the type of conduct caught by the Australian Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) and the New Zealand Commerce Act 1986 (NZ). This is of serious concern given the substantial penalties associated with price-fixing and restrictive trade practices. This article examines the provisions of these Acts most relevant to medical practitioners as well as a number of determinations and judicial decisions. To provide practical assistance to medical practitioners, the key lessons are extracted.     

与时俱进的中国经济法学——世纪之交的回顾与展望

经济法学是一门新兴的法学学科。但对经济法的理论研究却可以追溯到几百年前,随着经济体制的改革和经济法制的建设,经济立法的实践给整个法学界提出了新的课题,以邓小平同志1992年初的重要讲话和同年10月党的十四大为标志,我国的经济法制建设和经济法理论研究进入了一个新的发展阶段。     

Competition for Sustainability: Sustainable Development Concerns in National and EC Competition Law

Competition law has become increasingly important in regulating the economy. This article aims to explore how domestic competition law relates to sustainable development. It distinguishes three ways that competition law can take into account environmental and social priorities: through substantive competition rules fostering social or ecological purposes; through exceptions, exemptions and exclusions; and through the enhanced application of competition laws. The first form is very interesting and currently not very widely used. Only a very few countries, such as South Africa, have included substantive provisions to promote social development in their competition laws. Most countries allow for some version of the second form of sustainable competition law. Few countries' laws are as outspoken about their public policy goals as is Spain in its new draft competition law. This new draft law explicitly lists environmental protection and social policies as grounds upon which the government could repeal a competition decision. The third form is relatively unproblematic as it creates a win-win situation for competition and sustainable development. This article surveys some of the most interesting competition law developments across the world and indicates where these domestic regimes take into account environmental or broader social issues when making competition-related decisions such as merger approvals.     

家庭治疗的发展:回顾与展望

家庭治疗起源于现实的需要及对一种新的理念和方法的尝试,代表了心理治疗领域一个新的发展方向。经历了发展的黄金期,受到后现代建构主义、女性主义、多元文化主义的质疑与挑战,家庭治疗进入了一个新的发展时期。整合是当代家庭治疗发展的主要趋势,在整合的同时更加强调治疗过程的系统化与综合性,并致力于对特定情境下特定家庭问题的研究,以响应不断发展变化的家庭事实。     

Democratic Incongruities: Representative Democracy in Britain

This essay discusses the rationale guiding legislation dealing exclusively with political parties. The analysis is based on examination of party laws in Austria, Finland, Germany, Israel, Poland, Spain and Venezuela. The manner by which a particular legislature applies the general features of party law‐ legislation (general declaration regarding the role of parties in democracies, definition of parties, registration requirements, the democratic character of association in parties, regulation of party finance, legal sanctions) is demonstrated in reference to the Israeli party law, the most recent case of an established democracy whose legislature passed a parties law in 1992.

Throughout the analysis, the study addresses a question of principle: should a legislature comprised of representatives of political parties undertake to legislate laws regulating the activities of political parties in a democratic parliamentary system? It is suggested that a partial response to this question is found in the fact that, with the exception of Finland and Israel, democratic polities that have chosen to legislate party laws had previously experienced a collapse of their democratic systems. In the process of reforming their democratic structures, the legislatures in these polities enacted parties laws that would ensure that political parties perform functions commensurate With the goals and practices of modern democracies.     

主权的比较视野:宪政在英国和美国

在此次纪念詹姆斯·麦迪逊演讲中,上议院议长,欧文·莱尔格勋爵评述了美国宪法至上和司法审查体制与英国不成文宪法强调无司法审查的议会主权具有许多共同之处。尽管这两个体系经常被认为是极端对立的,欧文勋爵指出其实二者都是在民主政治的背景下运作,且殊途同归,区分并联系着