铬黑T显现潜血手印最优条件探讨

目的 以铬黑T为溶质，不同溶液为溶剂制备新型显现液，确定铬黑T溶液显现潜血手印的最佳配方及使用范围。方法 通过考察甲醇、二氯甲烷、丙酮、乙酸乙酯、无水乙醇、蒸馏水六种溶剂、不同的显现液浓度、潜血手印遗留时间、承痕体种类以及血液浓度等因素对显现效果的影响，建立最佳显现液体系并与传统染色法进行对比。结果0.020 mol/L的铬黑T-甲醇溶液显现效果最佳，采用浸泡法、滴显法、喷显法均能清晰显现皮革、玻璃片、瓷砖、红色塑料片、农夫山泉红色珠光膜上的潜血手印。与传统染色试剂氨基黑10B对比，铬黑T-甲醇显现液在显现稀释后的血液和陈旧潜血手印时效果更佳。结论 0.020mol/L的铬黑T-甲醇溶液为最佳显现配方，该方法显现效果好、适用范围较广、配合装置使用易于携带且无需后置处理，可供公安现场办案使用，具有较高的应用价值和应用前景。     

伪装样本笔迹的现场识别

介绍了鉴定人要从认识伪装笔迹的特点、详细了解案情入手,在做好嫌疑书写人的思想工作、反复让嫌疑书写人书写“有关”笔迹的基础上,在嫌疑书写人正在书写样本笔迹时现场识别伪装样本笔迹的方法。     

论自我摹写笔迹及其鉴定

探讨自我摹写笔迹的特殊机理、特殊书写方式、特殊规律、特殊鉴定方法和标准,论述摹写与仿写的不同概念、不同书写方式、不同书写机理、不同书写结果等若干基本问题;归纳自我摹写笔迹的四个特点及其相应的特点规律并总结了鉴定识别的要点;第三部份探讨了鉴定此类笔迹的特殊方法与鉴定结论的标准问题。     

卧姿笔迹特征的实验研究

目的为卧姿笔迹鉴定提供识别和评断的参考依据。方法比较108个不同书写水平者的仰卧、左侧卧、右侧卧及俯卧笔迹与正常坐姿笔迹特征上的异同点,通过大量实验数据的统计分析,总结出卧姿笔迹特征及其变化规律,探讨可能的变化原因,并分析卧姿笔迹检验的要点。结果卧姿笔迹在字体、写法、错别字、笔顺、字间组合和单字的基本搭配比例等特征上较稳定。这些特征可作为本质特征使用。4种卧姿中,俯卧笔迹特征最稳定;书写水平高者笔迹特征也较稳定。结论卧姿笔迹鉴定应结合卧姿笔迹特征变化规律,准确判断笔迹的形成条件,去伪存真,做出科学的评断。     

卧姿笔迹特征的实验研究

目的 为卧姿笔迹鉴定提供识别和评断的参考依据.方法 比较108个不同书写水平者的仰卧、左侧卧、右侧卧及俯卧笔迹与正常坐姿笔迹特征上的异同点,通过大量实验数据的统计分析,总结出卧姿笔迹特征及其变化规律,探讨可能的变化原因,并分析卧姿笔迹检验的要点.结果 卧姿笔迹在字体、写法、错别字、笔顺、字间组合和单字的基本搭配比例等特征上较稳定.这些特征可作为本质特征使用.4种卧姿中,俯卧笔迹特征最稳定;书写水平高者笔迹特征也较稳定.结论 卧姿笔迹鉴定应结合卧姿笔迹特征变化规律,准确判断笔迹的形成条件,去伪存真,做出科学的评断.     

遗嘱笔迹鉴定研究

通过案例分析、比较研究而获得不同种类遗嘱笔迹特点，在此基础上分析鉴定的难点，并提出伪装书写遗嘱笔迹、受客观条件影响变化的遗嘱笔迹识别以及同一认定鉴定的方法要点。     

复写摹仿笔迹检验初探

书写动作系统的核心是书写动力定型,摹仿书写由于受各种主客观条件的限制,不可能改变原有的动力定型。在复写摹仿笔迹的鉴定实践中,较容易出现的错误是不能正确识别复写摹仿笔迹以及评断不同性质的笔迹特征。所以,可以通过实验观察分析,探讨在复写摹仿的不同笔迹中,如何甄别摹仿的特征和自身稳定的动作特征,同时总结出检验这类笔迹的方法要点。     

左手伪装笔迹的特征鉴别与同一认定

目的通过对于左手伪装书写方式的判断与反映书写人本质习惯特征的鉴别,为左手伪装笔迹的识别与书写人同一认定提供客观依据。方法在提取右利者左、右手分别所书写笔迹的基础上,对其左手伪装书写的字迹与其右手正常字迹进行比较、分析与检验。结果人类大脑所特有的生理属性以及书写技能互相迁移的特点,令左手伪装笔迹在包含左手字典型特点与易变特征的同时,亦反映了诸多书写人自身书写习惯的笔迹特征。结论左手伪装笔迹特征的鉴别,不仅可以确认左手书写这一伪装方式,更可进一步对前述特殊笔迹的书写人予以同一认定。     

滚珠型签字笔笔痕特征的实验研究

目的归纳总结滚珠型签字笔笔痕特征的分类,为笔迹鉴定人正确使用此类笔迹特征提供科学的参考依据。方法本研究采用科学实验的方法,对20人使用不同品牌的三支签字笔书写的笔迹进行了观察与分析。结果同一人使用不同的签字笔、不同人使用同一支签字笔和不同人使用不同的签字笔书写所形成的笔痕现象具有相同的表现。结论签字笔笔痕特征只是众多笔迹特征当中的一种,不能单独依据此类特征出具鉴定结论。     

浅谈左手书写者左右手笔迹的特点及变化规律

目的为左手书写者左手笔迹及右手笔迹的检验鉴定提供参考依据。方法收集左手书写者的左手正常笔迹和其右手笔迹,进行比对检验和实验数据统计分析。探讨左手书写者左手笔迹和右手笔迹的特点及变化规律。将左手书写者的左、右手笔迹的特点和变化规律与右手书写者的右、左手笔迹的特点和变化规律进行比较。结果左手书写者的左手笔迹和右手笔迹在笔顺、写法、错别字等特征上保持稳定。结论左手书写者的笔迹检验应结合其左手笔迹和右手笔迹的特点和变化规律,并注意其与右手书写者的右手笔迹和左手笔迹的特点和变化规律的区别与联系。     

Comparison of Rehydration Techniques for Fingerprinting the Deceased after Mummification

Postmortem decay causes fingertip decomposition, desiccation, shriveling, and rigidity, reducing the possibility of obtaining sufficiently clear fingerprints for identification. In this study, five rehydration solutions (ammonium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, potassium hydroxide, urea, and warm water) followed by three fingerprint recording methods (photograph, inking roll, and dusting tape) were investigated to process mummified fingertips from an unidentified cadaver. The results show that sodium carbonate treatment is the most effective for minutiae restoration, followed by ammonium hydroxide treatment. This study also demonstrates that even those fingertips that previously failed in urea solution, 1% potassium hydroxide solution, and warm water treatment could be further improved with sodium carbonate solution to obtain qualified minutiae for fingerprint matching. The optimal procedure is rehydrating the desiccated fingertips with sodium carbonate solution for 24 h followed by dusting the finger and transferring the print to adhesive tape.     

油红O显现手印配方中各物质的作用验证

目的研究油红O显现手印配方中各物质的作用及其对显现效果的影响。方法对配方中的主要成分进行定性、定量实验来分析、考察实验结果。结果油红O粉末的颜色与显出的手印纹线颜色关系较大,溶液中的氢氧化钠关系着显出的手印纹线与背景的反差。结论 Alexandre Beaudoin公布的配方稳定、显现效果好,值得在实践工作中推广。     

纸张被溶液浸泡老化的变化规律研究

目的研究纸张在水及常见溶液中被浸泡老化条件下所发生的变化及规律。方法对纸张分别用纯水、茶水、5%氢氧化钠溶液和5%硫酸溶液进行溶液浸泡老化实验。结果纸张被不同溶液浸泡老化后,和无浸泡条件纸张相比,在表观特征、荧光强度和反射光谱特征等方面均有不同程度的变化。结论此实验结果可为检验可疑文件是否被溶液浸泡老化提供依据。     

Study on the Method Used to Display Self‐fading Lines and Erasable Lines

Two new kinds of writing tools are popular in China's market. One is a self‐fading pen, and another is an erasable pen. The ink of the two kinds of writing tools has a remarkable characteristic that it can gradually fade or disappear under heat or be rubbed off. How to reveal the disappeared written lines is a very important question for document examiners. In this article, three series of ink line samples were made with five types of self‐fading pens, 18 types of erasable pens, and three types of papers. Temperature, humidity, and lighting are known as influential factors of the process, and the effect of fading was examined. Luminescence, ultraviolet (UV), sidelight, electrostatic indentation development,low temperature, and solution revealing methods are found to be effective methods used to reveal the disappeared written lines. The best operating conditions for each method were obtained from the conducted experiments.     

Chlorinated Opium Alkaloid Derivatives Produced by the Use of Aqueous Sodium Hypochlorite During the Clandestine Manufacture of Heroin

Abstract:  A clandestine chemist was observed producing heroin from crude morphine utilizing a solution of sodium hypochlorite during the process. Numerous chlorinated opium alkaloid derivatives were created when the morphine acetylation reaction was quenched and neutralized with a solution of sodium hypochlorite and ammonium hydroxide. Four of these compounds, 1-chloroheroin, 1-chloroacetylcodeine, 1-chloro-O⁶-monoacetylmorphine, and 2'-chloropapaverine, were characterized via preparative isolation, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and independent synthesis. These chlorinated derivatives were formed via electrophilic aromatic substitution with free chlorine during the illicit process. Although no illicit heroin exhibits containing these compounds have been observed in seizures to date, mass spectral data are provided for several of these compounds for their identification should they be seen within future seizures of illicit heroin.     

The recovery of finger marks from soot-covered glass fire debris.

This study aimed to expand the scope of previous research by assessing the effectiveness of soot-removal techniques on glass from petrol-bomb debris using methods of 1% and 2% sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions, ultrasonic bath and vacuum suction. Of particular interest were the 1% and 2% NaOH solutions applied to the soot-covered surfaces. Petrol bombs containing petrol or a 50:50 mix of petrol and motor oil were exploded and the debris was collected for analysis. Favourable results were found to varying degrees using each of the soot-removal methods with the 1% and 2% NaOH wash solutions, being the most useful. The 2% NaOH solution also proved successful as a soak to loosen and remove heavy contamination of soot and accelerants without damaging the finger mark beneath. This study also found that recovery of finger marks in blood from beneath soot using the 2% NaOH solution was possible. Finger marks were also applied to glass bottles with plastic adhesive labels, and providing the fire damage is not too great marks were also retrievable. Results from this study lead to the conclusion that the NaOH wash solution is ideally suited for soot removal to reveal latent and blood-contaminated marks both within the laboratory and at crime scenes.     

高效液相色谱法鉴别染料型黑色喷墨打印字迹

目的建立液相色谱分析方法,对市售的30种不同厂家牌号（原装）染料型黑色喷墨打印字迹进行区分鉴别。方法通过选择最佳的提取条件、流动相,考察纸张、字迹形成方式等的影响,及样品及仪器的稳定性实验,确定实验条件。结果选择了最佳的反相高效液相色谱（RP-HPLC）分析方法：固定相为X-bridge Shield RP18（3.5μm,4.6×100mm）,流动相为乙腈-NH4HCO3溶液（10mmol/L）,梯度洗脱,检测波长为585nm、475nm;用该方法,根据字迹染料成分的差异将30种样品分为四大类17小类。结论该方法可以为鉴别区分不同厂家染料型黑色喷墨打印字迹提供依据。     

尼罗红显现潮湿纸张上油脂手印方法初探

目的探索显现潮湿纸张表面油脂手印的显现方法。方法取250枚纸张载体的油脂指印,分为AB-CDE 5组,分别用自来水浸泡不同时间后,用尼罗红工作液显现,并在465nm多波段光源下进行观察。结果 5组的显现率从56%～94%,表明显出率比较高。结论该方法简单实用,可用于案件检验。     

How Much Can a Forensic Laboratory Do to Discriminate Questioned Ink Entries?

Questioned document examiners are frequently required to determine whether the questioned ink entries on a document are written with the same ink, either for forged document identification or relative ink dating. How many methods are sufficient to discriminate potentially different inks? In this paper, 18 blue ballpoint inks were first nondestructively examined with a video spectral comparator. The ink entries were subsequently extracted with organic solvents for analysis of the volatile solvents and dyes by GC/MS, TLC, and LC‐MS/MS. The 18 ink samples were divided into 10, 9, 12, and 14 categories by these four methods, respectively. With the combined results, there were only two inks that remained indistinguishable, but they were further differentiated by microscopy. Therefore, to achieve effective discrimination of ballpoint ink entries, the authors suggest that a complete examination should include an analysis of their optical features, volatile solvents, and dyes as well as the ink quality.     

3种甲苯胺蓝异染肥大细胞方法的比较

目的比较3种甲苯胺蓝异染肥大细胞方法的应用性。方法采用甲苯胺蓝水溶液与高锰酸钾配比染色（方法一）、甲苯胺蓝酒精溶液和氯化钠溶液配比（方法二）、甲苯胺蓝水溶液染色、冰醋酸分色（方法三）3种方法对人和小鼠肺组织冰冻切片进行染色,比较染色结果、并评价方法稳定性及实用性。结果方法一染色肺组织切片,结果切片蓝色背景清晰,肥大细胞胞质内紫红色颗粒鲜明,与背景蓝色对比度高,易辨识,且多次重复染色效果稳定;方法二及方法三肺组织的蓝染背景、和肥大细胞胞浆颗粒的紫红色染之间的对比度均不及方法一清晰,稳定性亦次之。结论甲苯胺蓝水溶液与高锰酸钾配比染色法异染肺组织冰冻切片,结果清晰、操作简便且稳定性好,适合在相关检验中选用。