眼动追踪仪在测谎中的应用

目的探究眼动追踪在测谎中的应用价值。方法使用随机数字法将40名被试分为两组,实验组在实施模拟犯罪后利用眼动追踪仪记录其在观察靶刺激和非靶刺激时的瞳孔直径、注视时间、注视点和眨眼次数,对照组直接采集眼动数据。采用t检验分析实验组和对照组在观察靶刺激与非靶刺激时眼球运动参数的差异,用Pearson相关系数分析存在差异的眼球运动参数之间的相关性,用受试者操作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线估计眼球运动参数甄别实验组与对照组的有效性。结果实验组观察靶刺激与非靶刺激时相比,平均瞳孔直径减小、注视时间延长、注视点减少(P<0.05),但眨眼次数的差异无统计学意义。对照组在观察靶刺激和非靶刺激时上述指标的差异均无统计学意义。实验组平均注视时间与注视点呈负相关(r=-0.255,P<0.05),平均注视时间与平均瞳孔直径之间呈负相关(r=-0.218,P<0.05),注视点与平均瞳孔直径之间呈正相关(r=0.09,P<0.05)。平均瞳孔直径、平均注视时间和注视点的曲线下面积分别为0.603、0.621和0.580。结论眼动追踪仪所测得的平均瞳孔直径、平均注视时间和注视点在实验室条件下可以用于测谎。     

眼动心理学的理论、技术及应用研究

眼动即眼球的运动,它与注意及内部信息加工机制具有密切联系,存在着外源性的和内源性的两种控制,更多情况下受到任务或目的指引,因此眼动心理学研究已经成为当代心理学研究的一种有用范型.随着眼动仪向智能化、系列化、便携式方向的发展,其在心理学众多分支领域中的应用迅速扩展,同时基础性眼动研究及其理论建构也越来越受到重视.     

犯罪心理测试的心理内容

对犯罪心理测试所测心理的传统认识使犯罪心理测试变成了刑事测谎，导致犯罪心理测试业内的争议和业外的质疑。心理学家改变了对犯罪心理测试所测心理的传统认识，主流心理学思想对犯罪心理测试重新进行了审视，形成犯罪心理测试的定向反应理论，开创了对犯罪心理测试所测心理的科学认识。现代犯罪心理测试研究揭示，犯罪心理测试所测的特异生理反应所反映的是被测者对犯罪的记忆状况，与犯罪有关的记忆状况决定着犯罪心理测试所测反应的水平，反映被测者是属于作案人、涉案知情人、一般知情人，还是属于无辜者。     

论犯罪知情测试相关项目的有效性

犯罪心理测试技术中的犯罪知情测试(GKT)法对测试条件有较高要求,主要是保障测试相关项目的有效性。实践中影响CKT测试相关项目有效性的因素有很多,测试人员应当认真分析案件材料,排除干扰因素的影响,选准有效相关项目,并做好测试中的校正与评估,确保测试结论的可靠性。     

心理测试前的谈话环节

测前谈话是整个心理测试过程中非常重要的一环,它的成功与否,直接关系到心理测试的成败,甚至影响测试的准确度。在一定意义上讲,测前谈话比正式测试更为重要。因此,测前谈话要遵循一定的程序与规则,从心理学的角度科学地进行。测前谈话,心理测试工作人员必须认真研究掌握测前谈话的方法和技巧,提高谈话质量,决不可简单从事, 草率马虎。     

"测谎"结论能否作为鉴定证据——关于中国心理测试技术研究应用及其现状的思考

“测谎”，是日常概念，绝非科学术语。其科学称谓是犯罪心理测试技术，可简称心理测试技术或心测技术。测试结果能否作为证据，说法很多。中国心理测试技术研究与应用的现状，不容乐观；研讨其证据价值，必须首先对此状况及问题有深入了解。鉴于目前的混乱状况，将心理测试技术作为我国诉讼证据的条件尚不成熟。     

“测谎”结论能否作为鉴定证据——关于中国心理测试技术研究应用及其现状的思考

"测谎",是日常概念,绝非科学术语。其科学称谓是犯罪心理测试技术,可简称心理测试技术或心测技术。测试结果能否作为证据,说法很多。中国心理测试技术研究与应用的现状,不容乐观;研讨其证据价值,必须首先对此状况及问题有深入了解。鉴于目前的混乱状况,将心理测试技术作为我国诉讼证据的条件尚不成熟。     

心理测试技术中题目结构及相关因素对模拟犯罪测试的影响与研究

目的考查题目结构及相关因素对心理测试(测谎)技术的影响。方法通过对总数达到216人的被测人进行模拟犯罪心理测试,以CQT和CIT的基本测试结构为核心,分别对4种题目结构的测试效果进行了分析评判。结果主要比较了题目结构对模拟犯罪测试的影响,同时对各种相关因素进行了分析讨论。结论测试需要一个比较优化的题目结构才能有效避免失误率的增加。     

CPS与ERP测谎方法不同测试顺序优越性的比较研究

ERP测谎技术作为一种新兴的测试技术不断应用于实际测试过程中，而为了保证测试的准确性，往往会将ERP测谎技术和CPS测谎技术结合使用。但两种测谎技术的测试顺序是否会对测试结论存在影响还无定论，因此文章拟利用同一模拟案件情境对被测人分别进行CPS和ERP测谎，并以测试顺序为变量来分析不同的测试顺序对测试结论是否具有显著影响，以期为心理测试实践提供一定的参考意见。     

Increasing Cognitive Load to Facilitate Lie Detection: The Benefit of Recalling an Event in Reverse Order

In two experiments, we tested the hypotheses that (a) the difference between liars and truth tellers will be greater when interviewees report their stories in reverse order than in chronological order, and (b) instructing interviewees to recall their stories in reverse order will facilitate detecting deception. In Experiment 1, 80 mock suspects told the truth or lied about a staged event and did or did not report their stories in reverse order. The reverse order interviews contained many more cues to deceit than the control interviews. In Experiment 2, 55 police officers watched a selection of the videotaped interviews of Experiment 1 and made veracity judgements. Requesting suspects to convey their stories in reverse order improved police observers' ability to detect deception and did not result in a response bias.     

测谎原理、冲突与法律思考

测谎是科学技术发展的产物,测谎证据也是自然科学与法律科学交叉共生的结果。通过鉴定结论,可以利用科学技术,给案件的侦破、公诉以及审判带来一些国家层面上的便利,但是,测谎证据同时也会引起国家利益与个人权利、科学与否的冲突。这里,问题的关键是如何给测谎证据以正确的定位。     

Deception Detection Expertise

A lively debate between Bond and Uysal (2007, Law and Human Behavior, 31, 109-115) and O'Sullivan (2007, Law and Human Behavior, 31, 117-123) concerns whether there are experts in deception detection. Two experiments sought to (a) identify expert(s) in detection and assess them twice with four tests, and (b) study their detection behavior using eye tracking. Paroled felons produced videotaped statements that were presented to students and law enforcement personnel. Two experts were identified, both female Native American BIA correctional officers. Experts were over 80% accurate in the first assessment, and scored at 90% accuracy in the second assessment. In Signal Detection analyses, experts showed high discrimination, and did not evidence biased responding. They exploited nonverbal cues to make fast, accurate decisions. These highly-accurate individuals can be characterized as experts in deception detection.     

眼球运动参数在图片填充测验中识别合作程度的准确性分析

目的研究不同眼球运动参数在识别颅脑外伤所致精神障碍患者在图片填充测验过程中合作与不合作的准确性差异。方法收集进行精神伤残程度评定的颅脑外伤所致精神障碍患者140例,以韦氏智力测验中“图片填充”的21张图片作为刺激图片,根据二项必选数字记忆测验及鉴定专家意见分为合作组与不合作组,通过SMI眼动追踪系统获取研究对象在完成21张图片填充过程中的眼球运动参数,利用ROC曲线评估眼球运动参数在识别颅脑外伤患者在精神伤残程度评定中合作与不合作的准确程度。结果就整个图片填充测验过程而言,眨眼次数、注视次数、瞳孔直径、眼跳次数、眼跳潜伏期、眼跳平均加速度、眼跳平均纵向速度、眼跳峰值纵向速度的曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)值大于0.5,其中眨眼次数的AUC值为0.645,优于其他眼球运动参数。具体到单个刺激图片,眨眼次数在特定刺激图片下的AUC值可大于0.8,瞳孔X轴直径的AUC值可大于0.7。结论眼球运动参数识别颅脑外伤所致精神障碍患者合作与不合作的准确程度与刺激图片有关,眨眼次数分辨合作与不合作的准确性要优于其他眼球运动参数。     

Police officers’ judgements of veracity,tenseness, cognitive load and attempted behavioural control in real-life police interviews

Abstract

The present experiment examined the apparently incongruent findings that police officers (i) believe that suspects show nervous behaviour when they lie but (ii) seem able to detect deceit in suspects who do not show nervous behaviours. It was hypothesized that police officers’ judgements about whether a suspect is lying would not be correlated with their judgements regarding whether the suspect is tense, but, instead, would be correlated with their judgements regarding whether suspects are having to think hard or attempting to control their behaviour.

Each of 84 police officers saw seven truths and seven lies told by suspects during their police interviews. Participants in Condition 1 were asked to indicate after each clip whether the suspect was lying, whereas participants in Condition 2 were asked to note after each clip to what extent the suspect appeared to be tense, having to think hard or attempting to control their behaviour. Condition 3 was a combination of Conditions 1 and 2 and participants were asked all the above questions. The findings support the hypotheses and therefore negate the assumption that police officers primarily look for cues of nervousness when they attempt to detect deceit.     

Potentially Lethal Behaviors Associated With Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder: Review of the Literature and Forensic Implications

Abstract:  Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is characterized by loss of the muscle atonia of REM sleep, with release of complex and violent behaviors that are often attempted dream-enactments. This study reviewed the literature on RBD with regard to potentially lethal behavior. A total of 39–41 clinical cases of RBD associated with potentially lethal behaviors to self and/or others were found, involving a child and adults of all age groups, that manifested as choking/headlock ( n  = 22–24), defenestration/near-defenestration ( n  = 7), and diving from bed ( n  = 10). A total of 80.8% ( n  = 21) were males; 19.2% ( n  = 5) were females; mean age was 65.6 ± (SD) 13.8 years (range: 27–81 years, and a child). (Gender/age data were not listed in the remaining cases.) An etiologic association of RBD with a neurologic disorder (or with pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders, n  = 4) was present in 21–23 patients. Thus, RBD carries well-documented, potential forensic consequences during RBD episodes that could possibly have been misinterpreted as suicidal or homicidal behavior.