On the Limits of Political Emancipation and Legal Rights

International Journal for the Semiotics of Law - Revue internationale de Sémiotique juridique - In this paper I offer a new interpretation of Marx’s essay On the Jewish Question (OJQ)...     

法益性权利:权利认识新视域

权利由法律明确规定和保护,为权利人享有权利所带来的利益提供了一个确切的范围,同时也为其他主体不侵害该权利提供了一个清晰的警戒线。但法益性权利概念表明,在权利与社会观念相冲突、权利设定存在缺陷以及司法政策选择性保护和限制等场合下,权利也会蜕变为实质上的法益,权利的保护也可能会表现为“弱保护”。研究法益性权利问题有利于廓清权利损害赔偿的灰色地带,拓展权利救济的视域,从而促进权利保护制度的体系建构和完善。     

知识产权：自然权利亦或法定之权

就财产权的正当性而言,以洛克财产权劳动学说为代表的自然权利论和源于休谟并经边沁等人发扬光大的功利主义影响最为深远.两种理论看似难以调和的两极,实则从不同侧面揭示了财产权的正当性基础.在这个意义上,知识产权既是源于创造性活动的自然权利,又是国家基于功利原则授予的法定之权.     

Legal Consciousness and Responses to Sexual Harassment

Studies of legal mobilization often focus on people who have perceived some wrong, but these studies rarely consider the process that selects them into the pool of potential "mobilizers." Similarly, studies of victimization or targeting rarely go on to consider what people do about the wrong, or why some targets come forward and others remain silent. We here integrate sociolegal, feminist, and criminological theories in a conceptual model that treats experiencing sexual harassment and mobilizing in response as interrelated processes. We then link these two processes by modeling them as jointly determined outcomes and examine their connections using interviews with a subset of our survey respondents. Our results suggest that targets of harassment are selected, in part, because they are least likely to tell others about the experience. We also discuss strategies that workers employ to cope with and confront harassment. We find that traditional formal/informal dichotomies of mobilization responses may not fully account for the range of ways that individuals respond to harassment, and we propose a preliminary typology of responses.     

Legal profession in Britain: The 1992 conundrum

In an era of change, the year 1992 will be significant for some lawyers while irrelevant to others. Among solicitors big City firms are prospering, but those who depend on legal aid feel the pinch. The Bar has long‐term problems. Many of these developments are irreversible, argues Marcel Berlins in an Article in the “Financial Times” written shortly before the Lord Chancellor's recent announcement of proposed reforms.     

Legal Rights and Moral Rights: Old Questions and New Problems*

Abstract. The author examines the discipline of moral rights and in particular the need to embed them in a consequential system. He argues that the widely held opinion that independence from consequential evaluation is the right way of guaranteeing individual freedom is based on an inadequate appraisal of the role of moral rights in the social context. In this perspective he examines two specific cases: (1) elementary political and civil rights, and (2) the reproductive rights of women in the context of poor countries with the problem of fast population growth. He argues that a coherent goal-rights system which accommodates rights among others goals, can overcome the non-consequential arguments and justify the force of moral rights fully within a consequentiality perspective.     

The Pay Gap between Male and Female Jobs: Organizational and Legal Realities

Legalizing Gender Inequality results from a decade of research in which Robert Nelson, a sociologist of law, combined forces with William Bridges, a sociologist who has studied labor markets. This combination led to an unusual and creative approach. The authors chose four class-action court cases involving sex discrimination in pay, and did in-depth studies of the judicial decisions, testimony, exhibits, and depositions from each. They also obtained and reanalyzed statistical data sets involved in the cases and, where possible, interviewed key actors.     

Guide to Soviet Legal and Political Terms

The investigation of the case of the assassination attempt on Pope John Paul II, which began in Rome on May 27, 1985, is still far from completed: in September, the court resumed its sessions after an interruption for "summer holidays." Although it is still too early to speak about the results of this judicial inquiry, nonetheless we can examine and evaluate the course and the results of its first phase and call attention to some of the trends that have emerged.     

析论公民权和政治权项下的结社自由

人权法上的社团是一个具有特定涵义的概念,而对该概念的正确理解是进行结社权研究的理论前提。结社权作为一项基本公民权和政治权,对个人的发展具有不可替代的价值,受到了国际法的全面保护。中国关于结社权的规定具有其特点,也存在局限。在构建中国市民社会的进程中,应该重视公民的结社权。     

经济转轨 政府定位与“新的法律秩序”

新中国成立初期,我国提出了优先发展重工业的“赶超战略”,相应地形成了高度集中的计划经济体制。由于计划经济缺乏市场经济那种优越的信息机制和强大的动力机制,使得经济系统效率低下,整个社会缺乏活力,于是在20世纪70年代末80年代初,我国发起了市场取向的改革。从计划经济体制向市场经济体制转轨的过程,其实也是政府职能转变的过程。政府能否实现从过去的无限、低效政府向有限、高效政府转变是改革能不能取得成功,“好的市场经济”能不能最终确立的关键。为此,政府要科学设计改革方案,增强自身改革的动力;尤为重要的是要积极推进“新的法律秩序”的形成。     

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》中公正审判权的保留问题探析

《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的执行机构人权事务委员会从提出保留的限制条件、保留是否有效的判断机关以及无效保留的法律后果等三个方面对公约的保留问题表明了自己的态度。为了不至于违反公约规定的国际义务,在批准公约时,有些国家根据自己的情况对公正审判权提出了保留。考虑到我国的实际情况,我国在批准公约时,应当对公正审判权的适用范围和得益于较轻刑罚的权利提出保留。     

The Human Rights Act and Legal Culture: The Judiciary and the Legal Profession

The purpose of this article is to consider the effect the United Kingdom’s currently prevailing legal culture is likely to have on the realization of cultural change presaged by the Human Rights Act. The article is in five parts. The first two address the preliminary questions: what is meant by ‘legal culture’ for these purposes, and what type of ‘human rights culture’ does the Human Rights Act envisage? The answers define the scope of the remainder of the article’s inquiry into the ways in which the Act itself and the culture of the United Kingdom legal profession and judiciary are likely to interact. The third part of the article identifies some examples of the sorts of culturally specific aspects of current legal practice which are likely to operate as serious practical constraints on the emergence of a human rights culture worthy of the name, before the fourth part considers what sorts of cultural changes will be required of judges and lawyers for the presaged cultural transformation to come about. Finally, the article asks whether there is any reason to believe that courts and lawyers can find from within their present culture the resources to bring about the necessary shift.     

网络时代隐私权的法律保护

随着大众传媒的不断发展,侵害公民个人隐私的行为也不断发生,保护公民隐私权已成为我国法学界的共识。我国对公民隐私权的保护还需要在立法上加以完善,同时对隐私权的保护也需要进行一定的限制。     

中国社区民间组织法律治理机制探析

社区民间组织具有基层性、规模需求和影响相对小、数量多的属性。目前对社区民间组织的法律治理已基本做到了有法可依,各地也积累了一定的实践经验,但社区民间组织在成立门槛、竞争主体、活动资源、内部自律和外部监督等方面还存在诸多问题。当前应针对社区民间组织本身的特点,结合实践经验,完善社区民间组织的立法,并通过立法和法律的实施建立促进该组织发展的准入、竞争、激励和监督等四大法律治理机制。     

法权的构成及人权的法律保护

法权不是权利主体单方面的行为自由,而是一种关系,这种关系既涉及与权利对应的义务人及义务,也涉及国家保护及救济的责任。法权有其特殊的构成。法权总是按自己的构成来回应社会的要求,社会的要求如要转化为法权,也必须适应法权的结构特点。在人权的法律保护中,法权正是以其特有结构来回应人权要求的。法权一方面需要以基本人权为自己的内容和自己的正当性根据,另一方面,法权的实现又受到经验领域条件的制约。要能确保人权的实现,法权应当是价值与现实,理性与经验的结合。     

Legal Responses to the Standard Form Contract of Employment

Having suggested that the advent of standard form contractsof employment is a neglected aspect of employment law, an assessmentis made of two of the main legal responses to the potentialunfairness of terms, namely implied terms and the applicationof section 3 the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. The Law Commission'sproposed legislative reform is also examined. It is concludedthat only by combining terms implied by the law with the statutoryprotection of reasonable expectations of employees will thelaw succeed in devising an adequate technique for rebalancingcontracts of employment.