“民事政策”的困境与反思

"民事政策"是指国家对民事活动进行导引和规范的法政策,在我国民事立法和民事司法中有着特殊的地位。我国历史上"民事政策"功能"异化"以及民事政策与传统民法理念的冲突,使"民事政策"的研究与发展陷入困境。民事政策对民事法律制定和修改的指导价值、对民事社会理性调节的功能是客观的存在。将民事政策界定为民法非正式法源,明确和规制各法源的效力,利于缩短民法由静态的法转变为"活法"的进程。     

宽严相济刑事政策应回归为司法政策

宽严相济刑事政策在最初提出时具有明显的司法性特征,但随着实践中从司法理解向立法思路的拓展,该政策完成了向"基本刑事政策"的转变。然而,这种扩张解释没有经过系统论证,也不具有全面充分的理由。宽严相济可以在古代的"宽猛相济"中追溯渊源,其中的"宽"就是以对猛政纠偏的面目出现的。当代宽严相济刑事政策的提出,既是对中国法制传统的弘扬,更是对以前过度强调"严打"的纠正。立法的特点及基本品质表明,宽严相济刑事政策不可能直接表现为立法政策;认为该政策涵括了立法政策,会导致以下逻辑困境:无法正确处理和惩办与宽大相结合政策之间的关系;可能导致重复评价或政策的虚无化;立法有自身的品质要求,其缘由是复杂的,并非宽严相济所能涵盖;如果旧的法律规范已经被新法修改,势必不存在所谓"相济"问题。宽严相济刑事政策应回归为司法政策。     

保险损害补偿原则研究——兼论我国保险合同立法分类之重构

保险损害补偿是保险合同法上诸多制度体系的一个基石。我国保险立法虽确立了该原则并初步构建了制度体系,但由于该原则在保险法理论研究上并未受到应有的重视,迄今学理解释上对该原则多“食而未化”,仍有诸多观念上的错误或认识上的误区。本文运用法解释学、法史学及比较法学等分析方法,从保险损害补偿的范畴分析入手,对该原则的内核、规范目的、适用范围及其例外等作了深入阐释,以正本清源。从保险损害补偿原则及其制度的适用角度来考量,主张摒弃我国现行保险法所采的“财产保险”与“人身保险”之“二分法”,代之以“补偿性保险”与“定额性保险”之“二分法”,以利于法律的正确适用。     

《网络犯罪公约》中的证据调查制度与我国相关刑事程序法比较

20 0 1年 11月 8日欧洲委员会《网络犯罪公约》是国际社会合作打击网络犯罪的第一个国际公约 ,其主要目标是在缔约方之间建立打击网络犯罪的共同的刑事政策、一致的法律体系和国际协助。该公约第二章“国家层面上的措施”的第二部分“程序法”规定了有关电子证据调查的特殊程序 ,为各国制定电子证据刑事调查制度提供了一套具有开创价值的立法模型。本文对《网络犯罪公约》中的程序法规定和我国相关立法进行了比较 ,并提出了完善我国电子证据刑事调查措施的立法建议     

The Transposition of EU Law: ‘Post‐Decisional Politics’ and Institutional Autonomy

The transposition of European Union (EU) law into national law is a significant part of the EU policy process. However, political scientists have not devoted to it the attention that it deserves. Here, transposition is construed as part of the wider process of policy implementation. Drawing on implementation theory from the field of public policy, the article outlines three sets of factors (institutional, political, and substantive) that affect transposition. Second, the article examines the manner in which eight member states transpose EU legislation, and identifies a European style of transposition. An institutionalist approach is employed to argue that this style is not the result of a process of convergence. Rather, it stems from the capacity of institutions to adapt to novel situations by means of their own standard operating procedures and institutional repertoires. It concludes by highlighting (a) the partial nature of efforts at EU level to improve transposition, themselves impaired by the politics of the policy process and (b) some ideas regarding future research.     

醉驾:“一律入刑”还是“区别对待”

如何合理划定"醉驾"犯罪圈的大小,"一律入刑"与"区别对待"两种见解存在实质性分歧。罪刑法定原则作为刑事司法不可逾越的屏障,司法机关应该通过"一律入刑"呼应其明确性要求,同时限制司法机关的权力扩张;主观主义与客观主义作为两种不同的解释方式,在实践选择的位阶上应该以文本映射的主观主义优先适用;刑法总分体系需要刑事立法与司法进行一体化贯彻,在刑事立法已然兼顾总则要求的前提下不能通过"区别对待"再次限缩分则罪名的适用范围;"一律入刑"的主张不违背宽严相济刑事政策的内在精神,刑事政策的刑法化要求刑事司法必须坚守这一法治立场。     

刑事政策与刑事立法关系的动态分析

正确认识刑事政策与刑事立法的关系对刑事法制建设具有重要意义。正确认识政策与法的关系是其前提。对二者关系的分析需要从静态和动态两个角度进行。静态考察是为了认识政策与法的区别。动态考察是为了认识二者的联系。刑事政策对刑事立法的动态影响表现在对刑事立法需要的影响 ,对刑事立法内容的影响 ,对刑事立法解释的影响。刑事立法对刑事政策的动态影响表现为 :刑事立法本身的局限性 ,决定了刑事政策存在的价值 ;刑事立法具有规范性和稳定性 ,促使某些刑事政策向立法转化 ;刑事立法具有的国家意志性 ,可以抵制不符合立法基本原则的不适当的刑事政策。     

Power,Policy and Co-ordination in Law Reform: a Civil Servant and Town Planning Law, 1929–1930

The process of turning policy into legislation has been the subject of intense debates with some emphasising 'pressure groups', some pointing to Members of Parliament and others stressing the importance of civil servants with their own strong beliefs. This article argues that a particular type of civil service role has not been explored: we need to look at the civil servant who co-ordinates the process of reform. He or she starts with no particular commitment but seeks to provide a framework for legislation which can respond to contrasting and, on some occasions, even mutually inconsistent ideas. Co-ordination is in itself a form of power, and its significance can be seen in the compromises and gaps which are often found in government legislation and which are frequently the product of the co-ordinating role with its search for some minimal level of agreement and 'workable' drafts. The case-study for this analysis of law-making is the strained attempt to reform planning law in the years 1929–1932 in such a way as to make the law an instrument for preserving the countryside and improving housing and city conditions. It was a major attempt at social engineering and highly contentious for contemporaries. It is the essence of this type of law-reform that it simultaneously changes past law and, because it is an administratively co-ordinated compromise, it also produces problems which demand further reform within a few years.     

刑法立法模式的刑事政策考察

刑法立法模式是指国家立法机关在进行刑法立法时所采用的标准样式。纵观现代世界各国的立法现状,刑法立法模式主要有单一法典型立法模式、特别刑法立法模式、判例型刑法立法模式和修正型刑法立法模式。每种刑法立法模式都有其各自的刑事政策功能。从中国刑法立法的现状看,主要存在以下问题:(1)没有形成固定、成熟的刑法立法模式;(2)刑法立法模式单一、呆板,缺乏活力;(3)刑法修正案模式不能适应刑法立法的全部需要;(4)附属刑法立法模式没有发挥应有的作用。为了适应国家打击和控制犯罪的需要,我国的刑法立法模式应当做如下调整:(1)建立刑法典、特别刑法和刑法修正案相结合的刑法立法模式;(2)根据刑事政策的需要选择不同的刑法立法模式;(3)调整附属刑法立法模式的结构。     

Comparative Family Law and the Political Process: Regulation of Sexual Morality in Finland

This article demonstrates a basis for comparative analysis of family laws. It illustrates the extent to which political constraints influence the development of legal policy and reception of foreign models. The article takes the form of a case study and examines Finnish law relating to unmarried parenthood, informal cohabitation, and same-sex partnerships. Comparisons are drawn with Swedish law. Finland and Sweden have maintained a remarkably close association. Similarities and points of departure in the reform process and detail of legislation in these two jurisdictions point up the institutional dimensions of family law.     

试论竞争法上的竞争维持与成本效益原则

本文是笔者在通过对亚太经济合作组织（ＡＰＥＣ）成员经济体的竞争政策、法律进行研究后写成的、文章共分五个部分，分别对竞争维持与成本效益原则的一般概况及运用等情况作了介绍和分析，     

论行政法规制定权限的监督与制约

行政立法是国家行政机关依照法律规定的权限和程序,制定行政法规和行政规章的活动。《中华人民共和国立法法》和《行政法规制定程序条例》分别于2000年和2002生效,但由于行政立法主体的多层次性和立法内容的广泛多样性,在实际生活中出现了行政机关所立之法相互矛盾、相互重叠的现象,甚至出现了行政机关超越自己的立法权限进行立法、所立之法与国家的宪法和基本法律相抵触的现象,直接给公民和有关组织的权益造成了严重的损害。为了防止行政机关滥用立法权,保护公民的合法权益,必须对行政立法进行监督。     

Privatising the green police: the role of NGOs in wildlife law enforcement

This article examines the role of NGOs in wildlife law enforcement, drawing on empirical research conducted within UK environmental law enforcement but also drawing on a review of the academic literature and policy debates concerning NGOs and pressure group activity. It examines the theoretical basis for NGO actions and different policy perspectives, the ideologies employed by NGO's and how these manifest themselves in law enforcement policies and practice. While the focus of this essay is UK and US NGO activity with its professional enforcement activity and policy networks, the impact of wildlife and environmental NGOs is significant in a range of jurisdictions and is a vital component in effective policing of wildlife legislation.     

Reforming Leasehold: Discursive Events and Outcomes, 1984–2000

This article uses discourse analysis to explore and explain the limits of ongoing efforts to resolve the problems experienced by long leaseholders living in private flats in England and Wales. Attention is focused on the position of leasehold within the three discourses of property law, housing, and housing law, as revealed through the language used in legislation, consultation papers, Law Commission reports, political statements, media representations, and the accounts of leaseholders themselves. The implementation gap between legislative intentions and effects, so often neglected in discussion of housing policy, is explored. The article considers policy and legislation in the light of a metanarrative encompassing all aspects of the multi-occupancy of blocks of flats.     

Regulating assisted reproductive technologies in Victoria: the impact of changing policy concerning the accessibility of in vitro fertilisation for preimplantation tissue-typing

On 1 January 2010, the Assisted Reproductive Treatment Act 2008 (Vic) came into force. The legislation was the outcome of a detailed review and consultation process undertaken by the Victorian Law Reform Commission. Arguably, the change to the regulatory framework represents a significant shift in policy compared to previous regulatory approaches on this topic in Victoria. This article considers the impact of the new legislation on eligibility for reproductive treatments, focusing on the accessibility of such services for the purpose of creating a "saviour sibling". It also highlights the impact of the Victorian regulatory body's decision to abolish its regulatory policies on preimplantation genetic diagnosis and preimplantation tissue-typing, concluding that the regulatory approach in relation to these latter issues is similar to other Australian jurisdictions where such practices are not addressed by a statutory framework.     

刑法的刑事政策化论纲

刑法的刑事政策化,是在刑法自身需求和刑事政策引导两方面因素共同作用下的产物;其中,刑法自身的需求是内因,而刑事政策的引导则是外因。犯罪原因的多样化、刑罚根据的科学化和刑罚的人道化是刑法刑事政策化的理论基础。刑法刑事政策化的核心在于刑法要自觉地接受刑事政策的指导,无论是刑法的制定还是刑法的运行,都要纳入刑事政策的框架,在刑事政策的大视野中予以把握。但是,刑事司法在接受刑事政策指导的时候,应该将刑事政策的贯彻和落实严格控制在现行刑法规定的范围内,绝不能超越刑法的规定去执行刑事政策。     

我国物权变动理论的立法选择(上)

物权变动是物权立法政策和立法技术上的重大课题。我国物权立法对此应采取的选择是： 承认物权行为的客观存在性; 但当以债权契约为物权变动的原因关系时, 物权行为并不具有独立性, 而是被债权行为吸收; 物权的支配性特征要求物权变动以公示方法——交付 （动产） 或登记 （不动产） 为内在生效要件。这样, 物权变动过程就是意定行为（债权或物权行为） 和法定行为（交付或登记） 的结合; 在双方当事人之间, 法律赋予意定行为具有决定行为的效力; 但对善意第三人来说, 法定行为则具有决定意定行为的效力, 即赋予公示公信力来维护交易安全, 而无承认物权行为之无因性之必要。     

Mainstreaming Gender into European Family Law? The Case of International Child Abduction and Brussels II Revised

Gender mainstreaming is an EU policy tool encouraging equality between men and women by incorporating gender concerns into the formation of EU law. The EU has intervened in private international family law, an area where concerns over gender equality may be present. Child abduction, which is regulated by the Brussels II Revised Regulation, is an aspect of international family law where issues of gender have been highlighted. Women are predominantly the abductors of their children and may abduct a child to escape a violent relationship. These factors were in evidence in the 1980 Hague Abduction Convention and an effective gender mainstreaming strategy should promote discussion to address these concerns. By examining the proposals for Brussels II Revised, this article will demonstrate that the gendered nature of child abduction was not clearly addressed in the development of the legislation and questions how mainstreaming can be effective as an aspect of the legislative process.     

宽严相济政策视野下假释立法之检讨

"宽"的理念是宽严相济刑事政策的重要内容.假释本是该政策中"宽"的理念体现,但因我国刑法对假释适用的条件和程序的规定存在诸多不足,"宽"的理念并未真正体现出来,为此,有必要在假释适用的条件和程序方面对假释立法进行改进.     

“新闻(媒体)侵权”否认说

侵权责任法不应规定"新闻侵权"或"媒体侵权"。依文义分析看,支持"新闻(媒体)侵权"者,既未能明确协调好"新闻(媒体)侵权"与侵害名誉权、侵害隐私权等侵权行为之间的关系,又未能解决好"新闻(媒体)侵权"的特殊性问题;从比较法上看,无论是大陆法系的老法典、新法典,还是比较注重实用和实践经验的美国法,都没有承认"新闻(媒体)侵权";我国的立法与司法解释也从未规定过"新闻(媒体)侵权"。"新闻(媒体)侵权"之所以不被世界各国所采纳,根本原因在于,它与近现代民法的基本技术方法背道而驰。