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1.
This study examines the determinants of turnover intentions of off farm migrant workers, using data collected from China’s
Jiangsu Province. Turnover intention is posited to be a function of demographic/human capital characteristics, job characteristics
and job satisfaction. We find that higher levels of education have a positive effect on reported turnover intentions, while
higher income and job satisfaction have a negative effect on turnover intentions. To the extent turnover intentions represent
a good proxy for actual turnover, the results can be viewed as providing reliable predictors of job mobility among off farm
migrant workers at a time when there is a growing shortage of such workers in China’s coastal provinces.
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2.
This article examines the media reportage of white-collar crimes, organised crimes and cybercrimes, principally in the British
but also in the US media. It illustrates the ways in which different newspapers depict crime seriousness and how some defendants
adapt to these portrayals. It examines competing explanatory models and suggests that although reportage has an ideological
component, ‘news values’ and production pressures as well as ‘action triggers’ such as prosecutions or regulatory interventions
are important.
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3.
Criminal defendants in many countries are faced with a dilemma: If they waive their right to trial and plead guilty, they
typically receive charge or sentence reductions in exchange for having done so. If they exercise their right to trial and
are found guilty, they often receive stiffer sanctions than if they had pled guilty. I characterize the former as ‘waiver
rewards’ and the latter as ‘non-waiver penalties.’ After clarifying the two and considering the relation between them, I briefly
explicate the grounds for a moral right to trial. I then assess the defensibility of such rewards and penalties. In addition
to considering whether waiver rewards and non-waiver penalties serve the aims of legal punishment, I address the three main
arguments for permitting them. The first suggests that defendants willing to plead display more remorse for their crimes and
thus are deserving of lighter sentences. The second defends waiver rewards and non-waiver penalties in cases where prosecutors
are alleged to know that defendants are guilty but face problems establishing their guilt at trial. The third holds that guilty
defendants who are willing to plead conserve scarce state resources and should be rewarded for it, whereas those unwilling
to plead squander such resources and should be penalized accordingly. I contend that none of these arguments provides persuasive
grounds for waiver rewards or non-waiver penalties, even on the assumption that we can distinguish those defendants who should
waive their right to trial from those who should not. This conclusion presents a fundamental challenge to contemporary plea
bargaining practices.
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4.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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5.
I attempt to describe the several costs that criminal theory would be forced to pay by adopting the view (currently fashionable
among moral philosophers) that the intentions of the agent are irrelevant to determinations of whether his actions are permissible
(or criminal).
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6.
The Law Commission for England and Wales has published for consultation a proposal for an offence of first degree murder.
A person found guilty of this offence whether as a principal or an accomplice will receive a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment.
It is argued that the conditions for liability as an accomplice put forward by the Commission do not fulfil the Commission's
aspiration for a "parity of culpability" between principals and accomplices. The discussion has general implications for the
reform of complicity laws.
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7.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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8.
The only way of entering the world of ‘fragmented law’ (or ‘societal constitutionalism’) is arguably to make normative fragmentation
correspond with constituent excess. As Foucault would say, once we are involved in an ‘epistemic crisis’, we must then modify
those systems that organise knowledge in conjunction with the very forms that produce it. This contribution considers some
privileged forms of critique and reconstruction beyond normative fragmentation and essentially argues in favour of governance
dynamics, as well as for ontological devices engaged in the production of subjectivity.
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9.
This paper explores the under-researched topic of young people’s attitudes towards police in two studies using structural
equation modelling. The first study examines the influence of police legitimacy on the willingness of young people to assist
police. The second study examines the impact of informal contact with police during a community policing project on young
people’s willingness to assist police. Findings show that young people who view police as legitimate are more willing to assist
police. Participation in the community policing project had a significant and positive influence on young people’s willingness
to assist police independent of young people’s attitudes about police legitimacy.
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10.
The current study describes the everyday life of Israeli prisoners and analyzes the actions they perform and the language
they use as a reflection of their constraints, distresses, worldviews, beliefs, and attitudes. Data were subjected to a content
analysis, and the salience of the values, norms and argot terms were assessed using two measures, attention and intensity.
The inmates’ values and norms and the argot expressions were divided into categories with reference to different aspects of
prison experience: prisoners’ adherence to the code, inmates’ interpersonal loyalty, sexual behavior in prison, drugs, violence
and miscellaneous.
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11.
This paper tries to read together three texts that refer to the Rwandan genocide and to draw attention to certain paradoxes
that emerge from the way in which the texts might be said to talk to and past each other. The overall intention is to throw
light on the complications in witnessing such an event, and to themes of justice and politics that arise.
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12.
This case study seeks first to explore the culpability of the state of Nigeria in regards to recent allegations of rape and
sexual torture by security forces and, secondly, to question why these rapes continue to occur despite Nigeria’s responsibility
to address them. Though exact rates of violence are impossible to ascertain, reports by the media and various non-governmental
organizations describe the widespread abuse of women, specifically at the hands of military officials. Evidence suggests that,
by failing to respond appropriately to these acts of violence, the state of Nigeria is in direct violation of international
law. Moreover, the decentralized nature of the Nigerian legal system creates an environment in which those Nigerian laws that
do address rape and/or torture are rendered ineffective. This paper argues that what is happening in Nigeria does in fact
constitute a state crime and, thus far, has not received appropriate attention from the International Criminal Court, to which
Nigeria is a party, or the international community at large. As no action has yet been taken, we consider the factors that
create an environment in which international and national punitive measures, as they are currently practiced, are ineffective.
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13.
This paper reports a study examining associations between objective indicators of the level of discipline within schools and
students’ perceptions of the strictness of discipline. Data were analyzed from the National Education Longitudinal Survey
(NELS), a nationally representative panel study of eighth grade students attending public and private schools in 1988. We
find evidence for an association between objective and perceived risk of discipline in models that examine the covariation
of these two constructs at several cross sections, and in models of change in perceptions as a function of change in school
sanctioning climate. Moreover, these associations were strongest in small and less disordered schools.
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14.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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15.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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16.
Research investigating women’s risk assessments for intimate partner violence (IPV) shows that women can predict future violence
with relative accuracy. Limited research has investigated factors that are associated with perceived risk and the potential
behavioral consequences of victim risk perception. Results from a survey of women in a domestic violence shelter ( N = 56) indicated that women perceive lower risk of future violence if the abusive relationship were to end and higher risk
of violence if it were to continue. Certain abuse experiences were related to elevated perceptions of personal risk for future
violence. Further, perceived personal risk predicted the women’s intention to terminate their relationship upon leaving shelter.
Results are discussed as they may inform interventions preventing IPV.
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17.
Building on a handful of studies demonstrating battered women’s accuracy in assessing their risk of being physically reabused,
this study examined how accurately victims assess their risk of future psychological abuse. Participants’ ratings of the likelihood
that their partner would engage in controlling/dominance behaviors or efforts to humiliate/degrade them in the coming year
and their reports 18 months later of whether this had actually occurred were used to create a four category version of accuracy
(true positive, false positive, true negative, false negative). Victims were more likely to be right than wrong in their assessments
of risk; PTSD symptoms, the recency of physical violence, and the degree of stalking and psychological abuse in the relationship
predicted membership in the four accuracy categories. These findings overlap considerably with those examining victim accuracy
in predicting physical abuse and inform ongoing debates about the value of incorporating victims’ insights into risk assessment
efforts.
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18.
Research has primarily examined supervisors and coworkers as sources of unfair interpersonal treatment (i.e., interactional
injustice) in the workplace. Unfair treatment, however, can also originate with customers. Using a cross-sectional, correlational
research design ( N = 172), we examined the associations among customer injustice, employee job satisfaction, and turnover intentions. Drawing
on relational theories of fairness, we also examined whether employees who more strongly define themselves through their interpersonal
relationships (i.e., those with stronger interdependent self-construals) would exhibit stronger injustice-attitudes associations.
Results showed that, overall, greater injustice was associated with lower job satisfaction but not greater turnover intentions.
Moreover, as expected, the strength of employees’ interdependent self-construals moderated the injustice-attitudes relations:
Relationship-oriented employees showed significant associations between injustice and both job satisfaction and turnover intentions,
whereas those with weaker relationship orientations did not. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
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19.
In this analysis of Marcia Baron’s account of excuses, I seek to do two
things. I try to draw out the nature of the distinction between forgiving
and excusing. I also defend the distinction between excuses (like duress),
and denials of responsibility (like insanity).
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20.
During regulation the regulator carries out an intermediary role between shareholders and managers, consequently affecting
property rights and the agency relation between the two. Deregulation implies that this intermediary role ceases to exist.
This article analyses how government deregulation changes property rights, differentiating between firms of network and non-network
structures. Changes in property rights affect the agency relation between shareholders and managers, increasing information
asymmetry and agency costs. I argue that the way to reduce agency costs depend to a great extent on the country’s legal system
classified as of common or civil law tradition.
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