家兔玻璃体液微量取样与一次取样的比较

目的比较微量取样与一次取样的优劣。方法36只家兔分为4组（每组9只），于死后12h取样：Ⅰ组于一次取出所有VH；Ⅱ组微量取样50μl，连续取15次；Ⅲ组左眼一次取样。右眼微量重复取样。Ⅳ组双眼第1次微量取样．剩余一次取出。检测Ca^2＋、Cl^-、K^＋、Na^＋和P等含量，数据统计分析。结果Ⅲ组左右眼、（Ⅳ）组先后两次取样配对t检验无差异（P〉0．05）．各组微量取样样本的变异系数、双眼差较小。结论微量取样的操作影响较小、稳定性和重复性好．更适合法医学研究和应用。     

家兔玻璃体液间隔多次微量取样方法研究

目的探讨间隔多次微量取样玻璃体液是否可用于死亡时间推断。方法99只家兔分为2大组(I)大组45只,再分为A、B、C、D、E五个小组(每组9只),右眼(实验眼)于死后间隔12h多次取样直至24h(A组)、48h(B组)、72h(C组)、96h(D组)和120h(E组);各小组左眼(对照眼)仅分别于死后24h、48h、72h、96h和120h取样一次。检测Ca2+、Cl-、K+、Na+和P含量,同一取样时间的双眼做配对t检验。(II)大组54只,再分为2小组F组9只,每隔12h双眼交替多次取样直至120h;G组45只,每隔12h一次取样10眼(动物左右眼均编号后随机抽取每次10眼),直至120h;检测Ca2+、K+和Na+,两组差值做t检验及PMI回归方程比较。结果E组K+有差异(P<0.05),其余A~E组双眼物质含量配对t检验均无差异(P>0.05)。F与G组物质含量差值t检验无差异(P>0.05);K+、Na+的PMI线性回归方程的斜率、截距无差异(P>0.05),Ca2+与PMI无相关性。结论控制间隔时间和取样次数,多次微量取样对死后玻璃体液元素含量的规律性变化无显著影响,可以替代传统方法进行死亡时间研究。     

家兔死后玻璃体液离子浓度检测的微量重复取样法

目的探讨微量重复取样法对兔玻璃体液样本离子浓度或元素含量检测的可行性。方法28只家兔分为3组:Ⅰ组:死后12h一次取出所有玻璃体液;Ⅱ组:死后12h微量取样50μl,连续取15次;Ⅲ组:死后120h微量取样50μl,连续取15次。分别检测样本中Ca2+、C l-、K+、Na+和磷元素的含量,并对所得数据进行统计分析。结果Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组左、右眼的Ca2+均数分别为1.956和2.068,1.942和1.948,2.071和2.045;C l-为111.520和121.240,116.744和117.022,106.322和106.767;K+为13.016和13.900,11.230和11.144,35.411和34.828;Na+为127.200和141.880,133.872和134.566,111.511和110.647;磷元素为0.556和0.744,0.284和0.280,5.585和5.597。3组双眼上述5种成分含量经配对t检验,其P值范围分别为0.2753~1.2365,0.1627~1.6596,0.1520~1.3446,0.2386~1.0892和0.0575~0.8195;Ⅱ、Ⅲ组的重复取样检测经方差分析,其P值为0.9433和0.8638,两组总体重复取样检测的方差分析,P值为0.8772。结论微量重复取样法对兔玻璃体液样本离子或元素含量的检测无实际影响。     

双眼交替微量取样检测兔玻璃体液钾镁离子浓度推测死亡时间

目的研究死后眼玻璃体液钾镁离子浓度变化及其与死亡时间的关系。方法取健康家兔处死,死后不同时间于双眼玻璃体液交替微量取样,采用全自动生化分析仪检测样本中[K+]、[Mg2+],对所得数据进行统计学处理。结果死后12~120h,家兔玻璃体液中[K+]由11.01mmol/L上升至32.97mmol/L,[Mg2+]1.12mmol/L上升至2.22mmol/L,两种离子浓度与PMI进行回归分析自变量为[K+]的二次多项式回归方程为y=0.1756x2-3.3188x+29.804(R2=0.9868);自变量为[Mg2+]的二次多项式回归方程为y=-46.916x2+248.01x-213.81(R2=0.9340);自变量为[K+]和[Mg2+]的二次多项式回归方程为y=-17.55-4.82[K+]+0.20[K+]2+75.77[Mg2+]-19.47[Mg2+](R2=0.9881)。用[K+]的方程推测PMI,当[K+]<26.0mmol/L(PMI<60h)时,平均偏离时间为2.7~9.4h,当[K+]>28mmol/L(PMI>72h)时,平均偏离时间>15h;用[Mg2+]的方程推测PMI,平均偏离时间几乎均在10h以上;用二元方程推测PMI,平均偏离时间较前两者小。结论死后眼玻璃体液[K+]、[Mg2+]随时间延长而升高,且浓度变化与时间呈强相关性。但从实际运用角度考虑,R2<0.98,或平均预测偏离时间过大的回归方程,不宜用于PMI推测;应用多指标建立多元回归方程是提高推测PMI准确性的可行方法。     

固相微萃取法在生物样品前处理中的应用

<正> 固相微萃取法(Solid phase microextraction,SPME)是一种新型的无溶剂萃取技术,它通过在一根长1 cm、直径约为0.3 mm 的溶融石英纤维(Fiber)表面覆渍厚度为5～100μm 不等的高分子聚合材料作为固定相(涂层),采用顶空(HeadSpace,HS)或直接浸入(Direct Immerstion,DI)方式与样品接触,萃取气相或液相中的目标化合物。萃取头连接在一个不锈钢管套上并与手柄连动,整个 SPME 装置类似于一个微量进样器,使用时,把针头刺入已装入样品的密闭容器中,按下手柄,萃取头从针头中探出。当取样结束时,萃取头收纳于针头内,迅速从容器中拔出,不经任何溶剂洗脱而直接     

家兔死后心肌酰胺A带的傅里叶变换红外光谱图像分析

目的 应用傅里叶变换红外光谱成像系统研究家兔心肌酰胺A带变化与死亡时间的关系.方法 将32只家兔处死后取出心脏,20℃保存,于48h内不同时间点取样并制作切片.用傅里叶变换红外光谱成像系统绘制酰胺A带图像,分析研究死后酰胺A带阳性与阴性面积比的变化规律. 结果 48h内随死亡时间(x)的延长,酰胺A带的阳性与阴性面积比...     

曲马多依赖大鼠动物模型建立的实验研究

目的建立曲马多依赖大鼠动物模型。方法 30只大鼠平均分为3组,观察以60mg/kg曲马多灌胃给药与停药戒断过程中大鼠的身体依赖和精神依赖表现。结果曲马多依赖组大鼠在给药后15min内,对声音及触摸刺激反应性增高,奔跑、跳跃、竖尾等现象为3.9±0.4次/只,明显高于对照组的0.5±0.1次/只(P<0.05);条件性位置偏爱实验中,曲马多依赖组大鼠明显偏爱给药的白箱(P<0.05)。而戒断组在停止给药后出现烦躁不安、高度激惹、尖叫等行为4.9±0.7次/只,高于依赖组的0.6±0.2次/只(P<0.05);依赖组与戒断组大鼠体重明显下降(P<0.05)。结论以60mg/kg灌胃给药112d,大鼠对曲马多产生依赖,曲马多依赖大鼠动物模型建立成功。     

“私生女”认亲,离世西班牙画家被开棺取样

留着两撇上翘的小胡子,把时钟画得像柔软的面饼,在马路上遛食蚁兽……这个经常做出反常行为的人,就是西班牙超现实主义画家萨尔瓦多·达利.他曾说:“每天早晨醒来,我都在体验一次极度的快乐,那就是成为达利的快乐!”然而,在他离开人世28年后,一件不太快乐的事追到了他的棺椁前,一场开棺取样、私生女认亲、争夺3亿欧元遗产的诉讼正在进行.     

4岁男童被铅笔经颈前刺入椎体的法医学鉴定

1案例资料某男,4岁。3月25日诉头疼,遂由其母陪同至医院就诊。经检查发现男童颈前右侧有一创口,MRI示椎体异物。经调查,3月21日,男童在幼儿园玩耍时,不慎跌倒,手中所持铅笔垂直经颈前插入颈部。幼儿园老师将铅笔拔出,见颈部创伤较小,未出血,便未告知家长;3月27日,男童在医院行椎体异物取出术,术中取出铅笔断端(长1.0cm,宽0.4cm),4月20     

干生物基质点微样技术及其在法医毒物学中的应用

干生物基质点(Dried Matrix Spot,DMS)微样技术是通过将微量生物液体(如血液、尿液和唾液等)收集于卡纸上并干燥后形成的样本采集和储存形式.干生物基质点微样技术较传统的采样方法有明显的优势:取样量小,样品处理简单,储存运输方便,目前已应用于流行病学调查、毒药物监测、药代动力学研究和毒代动力学研究等领域....     

Measurement of chemical analytes in vitreous humor: stability and precision studies

The analytic accuracy and precision for measurement of chemical analytes in vitreous humor (VH) are critical if results are to be used in forensic pathology. The purpose of our study was to demonstrate the stability and the reproducibility of VH sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, urea nitrogen, acetone, and beta-hydroxybutyrate in specimens obtained from both eyes in medical examiner cases. We also compared with calculated VH osmolalities. Small but significant increases were observed in VH electrolyte concentrations in specimens refrigerated 6-12 months: sodium pre 144 mmol/L, post 151 mmol/L; potassium pre 12.0 mmol/L, post 12.8 mmol/L; chloride pre 121 mmol/L, post 123 mmol/L. No differences were observed between eyes, and within-day precision for all electrolyte measurements were excellent, (<1%). Frozen specimens showed significantly higher measured (439 mOsmol/kg) as compared with calculated osmolality (305 mOsmol/kg), with 1% within-day precision and no significance between eye variation for glucose and urea nitrogen. In 20 of 24 medical cases selected for possible ketoacidosis, measurement of beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations appears to be a promising diagnostic biomarker for confirming suspected ketosis in medical examiner cases by means of VH analysis.     

冠心病猝死冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块病理形态学观察

目的观察冠心病猝死(SCD)和对照组心冠状动脉(CA)粥样硬化斑块的差异,探讨其在SCD中的意义。方法从本教研室2001年~2003年尸检档案中挑选64例有严重CA粥样硬化病变的病例及心脏标本,分SCD组(36例)和对照组(28例冠心病非猝死者)。除常规检查心脏外,重点检查CA左主干(LM)、左前降支(LAD)、左旋支(LC)和右主支(RM)的开口、类型、走向及粥样硬化斑块情况。每支CA分近、中、远3段,检测每个斑块距开口的距离、狭窄程度、长度、数目和形状(分偏心、环形、偏心+环形三种)。用SPSS11.5统计软件进行统计分析。结果SCD组中CA粥样硬化病变4级21例,3级15例;对照组4级12例,3级16例。两组斑块病变的严重程度无显著性差异(P>0.05)。SCD组粥样斑块长(x-2.0365 cm)、以CA近段较多、与CA开口或分支处的距离近(x-0.7457 cm);对照组斑块短(x-1.4283 cm)、以中段多见,与CA开口或分叉处的距离远(x-2.1942 cm);两组斑块的长度和距开口的距离均有非常显著性差异(P<0.01)。两组间斑块的形状在LAD和RM有显著性差异(P<0.05),而LM和LC则无(P>0.05)。结论SCD与冠心病非猝死者的CA粥样硬化斑块在部位、长度、形状和距CA开口的距离存在差异,而狭窄程度无差异。这对SCD的病理诊断和法医学鉴定具有十分重要的意义。     

Species identification of Kachuga tecta using the cytochrome b gene

A DNA technique has been established for the identification to species level of tortoises. The test on the shell of the animal was used to identify samples from the species Kachuga tecta. A total of 100 tortoise shell specimens collected from the National Council of Agriculture (COA), Taiwan, were used in this study. Primer pairs were designed to amplify partial DNA fragments of cytochrome b within the mitochondrial genome. The DNA data showed that among the 100 samples, there were four distinct haplotype DNA sequences, within which there were a total of 90 variable sites. Between haplotypes I and II, there was only 1 nucleotide difference at position 228. Between haplotypes I and III, 65 nucleotide differences were observed; haplotypes I and IV, 62 nucleotide differences; and haplotypes III and IV, 56 nucleotide differences were observed. There were 66 and 63 nucleotide differences between haplotypes II and III and haplotypes II and IV respectively. All four haplotypes were compared with the DNA sequences held at the GenBank and EMBL databases. The most similar species were K. tecta (haplotype I and II), Morenia ocellata (haplotype III) and Geoclemys hamiltonii (haplotype IV), and their respective mtDNA similarities were 99.5%, 99.3%, 89.9% and 99.5%. However, as haplotype III was only 89.9% homologous with M. ocellata, it would seem that this haplotype shows only a limited relationship with a similar species registered currently in these databases. The method established by this study is an additional method for the identification of samples protected under Convention International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) and will improve the work for the preservation of the endangered species.     

生前电击与死后电击骨骼肌肌小节的长度变化

目的研究生前电击与死后电击的肌小节长度变化,为生前电击与死后电击的鉴别提供新的方法。方法12只兔随机分为对照I组、对照II组、电击死组和死后电击组。每组3只。对照I、II组与死后电击组兔分别从耳缘静脉注射空气30m l处死。对照I组处死后,于死后即刻取其后肢股四头肌;对照II组死后24h于相同部位取材;电击死组兔通220V交流电,通电致兔死后即刻取材;死后电击组于死后即刻通220V交流电4m in后,在相同部位取材。用透射电镜观察骨骼肌肌小节长度变化,对所得结果进行统计学分析。结果生前电击与死后电击骨骼肌肌小节均缩短,与对照组I相比,前者较后者缩短程度更甚(P=0.000);死后电击组与对照I组相比,仅轻微缩短(P=0.000),对照II组相比,缩短较为明显(P=0.000);对照II组较对照I组的肌小节显著伸长(P=0.000)。结论研究骨骼肌肌小节的长度变化有助于鉴别生前电击与死后电击。     

A Study on the Estimation of Postmortem Interval Based on Environmental Temperature and Concentrations of Substance in Vitreous Humor

A method to determine postmortem interval (PMI) based on environmental temperature and the concentrations of vitreous humor (VH) molecules were explored. Rabbit carcasses were placed in a chamber at 5, 15, 25, or 35°C, and 80–100 μL of VH was collected with the double‐eye alternating micro‐sampling method every 12 h. A Roche DPPI biochemical analyzer was used to measure the concentrations of six substances in VH samples. The interpolation function model and mixed‐effect model were employed for data fitting to establish equations for PMI estimation. The concentrations of K⁺, P, Mg²⁺, creatinine (CRE), and urea nitrogen (UN) exhibited an upward trend with increasing PMI in all temperature groups, while the concentration of Ca²⁺ showed a downward trend. Validation results using K⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions revealed that the mixed‐effect model provided a better estimation than the interpolation function model using the data from our experiment. However, both models were able to estimate PMI using temperature and VH molecule concentrations.     

A statistical approach to drug sampling: a case study.

In many countries it is left to the discretion of the court to accept or reject conclusions based on sampling procedures as applied to the total drug exhibit. As an alternative to this subjective approach, a statistical basis is presented using binomial and hypergeometric distributions to determine a lower limit for the proportion of units in a population which contains a drug, at a given confidence level. A method for calculating the total weight of a drug present in a population within a given confidence interval is also presented. In the event of no failures (all units sampled contain a drug), a sample size of six or seven units is generally sufficient to state that a proportion of at least 0.70 of the population contains a drug at a confidence level of at least 90%. When failures do occur in the sample, point estimation is used as the basis for selecting the appropriate sample size.     

不同刺激野的图形翻转视觉诱发电位

目的研究正常人不同刺激野图形翻转视觉诱发电位（pattern reversal visual evoked potentials,PRVEPs）的特点及其法医学应用价值。方法对30名（60眼）正常视功能的受试者分别进行全屏刺激野、中心刺激野及周边刺激野刺激,记录并分析PRVEPs的潜伏期与波幅。结果正常人左、右眼之间PRVEPs各波潜伏期及波幅差异无统计学意义。除中心刺激野PRVEPs中N1波的出现率为36．77％外,各波在不同刺激野PRVEPs的出现率为100％。全屏刺激野与周边刺激野N1波潜伏期差异有统计学意义,波幅差异无统计学意义。P1波潜伏期及波幅在三种不同刺激野PRVEPs中差异均有统计学意义。结论应用不同刺激野的PRVEPs．可对视网膜不同区域的功能状态进行客观评定,并可以用于对受试者是否存在伪装或夸大视野缺损的评定。