非政府国际组织发展现状

非政府组织(Non-Government Organization,简称NGO)主要是相对于政府组织而言,在国际社会,非政府组织相对于政府间国际组织(Intergovernment Organization,简称IGO)而言。非政府组织的兴起是20世纪后期重要的政治和社会现象之一,非政府间国际组织的兴起则是20世纪后期国际社会的重要现象之一。NGO在国际舞台上正扮演日益重要的角色,在国际事务中发挥日益重要的作用。20世纪90年代以来NGO在许多国际组织和     

马来西亚非政府组织与国外非政府组织关系探讨——以美国基金会对马来西亚非政府组织捐助为例

南北关系研究一直是国际关系领域的一个重要课题,毫无疑问,南北非政府组织间的关系研究对于深化这一领域的研究有重要意义。本文从马来西亚非政府组织和国外非政府组织关系入手,以马来西亚非政府组织和美国基金会关系为具体案例,从南北非政府组织关系层面管窥南北关系的发展特点。     

人权非政府组织与联合国

在二战以来的国际人权政治发展中 ,人权非政府组织与联合国已形成了日益紧密的合作关系。一方面 ,人权非政府组织积极地借助联合国来扩大自身的影响 ,并对主权国家施加更大的压力 ;另一方面 ,联合国为拓展人权事务在资源、信息和机构运作等方面也积极地倚重人权非政府组织的活动支持。人权非政府组织与联合国的这种紧密合作 ,导致了人权非政府组织对联合国人权事务和人权机构的渗透、联合国人权机构人事上的交叉任职以及复杂的国际多边人权干预 ,从而形成了包含人权非政府组织、主权国家与联合国在内的复杂三角政治关系     

非洲非政府组织与中非关系

冷战结束后的近20年,非洲非政府组织发展十分迅猛,并在权力地位、人员构成及基本性质等方面形成了自身的特点.新世纪以来,随着中国与非洲国家关系互动的迅速增进,以往由官方主导的中非关系添加了越来越多的民间因素.非洲非政府组织开始以多种方式关注并参与中非关系的发展,并成为影响中非关系的重要因素之一.相对而言,中国同非洲非政府组织的交往与关系发展较为滞后.为此,中国必须顺应形势的发展变化,加深对非洲非政府组织外交重要性的认识,在巩固中非官方外交关系的基础上,增进与非洲非政府组织的沟通与交流,以进一步夯实中非友好合作关系走向更加稳定与和谐的基础.     

俄罗斯非政府组织

苏联解体后，伴随社会转型，俄罗斯的非政府组织从无到有，迅速发展起来，并对俄社会产生了深刻而重要的影响。本文以俄社会转型为宏观历史背景，介绍苏联解体以来俄本土非政府组织的发展历程、外国非政府组织对俄的渗透，归纳俄非政府组织的构成、分类及其运作方式，深入剖析非政府组织在俄社会转型过程中的作用与影响，并对俄当局管理非政府组织的经验与教训进行较为全面的总结。     

西方非政府组织解读与启示

当前,非政府组织在国际社会中发挥着越来越大的作用.非政府组织在西方起源并率先发展,现已颇具规模,成为当今国际事务中不可忽视的生力军.受其影响,中国的非政府组织自20世纪90年代以来也迅速发展不断壮大,但是在其发展过程中也出现了一些问题.本文旨在分析西方非政府组织发展过程和变化趋势、积极和消极的社会功能,并在此基础上加深对中国非政府组织的理解.     

非洲非政府组织与中非关系

近年来,非洲非政府组织积极关注中非关系,成为影响中非关系发展的新因素.它们多关注中非关系的问题领域,对中国对非洲外交特别是对非洲援助、贸易和投资提出了许多批评和责难.中国政府高度重视非洲非政府组织的对华言论,不仅进行了积极的舆论回应,也初步调整了相关政策.     

俄罗斯和中亚地区的非政府组织

9·11事件后，美国等西方势力加大了对俄罗斯、中亚地区非政府组织的利用和支持力度，将其作为推广“民主”的重要手段。俄罗斯和中亚的非政府组织大致有宗教性非政府组织、民族主义非政府组织等七个类型。各种性质的非政府组织的存在一方面有益于中亚各国和俄罗斯的民主化进程，同时，也滋生了极端民族主义、极端宗教主义和恐怖主义，严重损害了这些国家的国家安全。     

Decentralisation for international NGOs

The work of international non-profitmaking non-governmental development organisations (NGOs) challenges them to adopt a decentralised structure. We know little, however, about how this decentralisation is organised, and even less about its impacts on NGO performance. Based on studies in southern Africa, this article identifies the gains and losses associated with the choice to decentralise. It goes on to pose questions about decentralisation as a critical variable for the organisational design of NGOs which need to be answered by more systematic comparative study.     

NGOs: Fragmented dreams

Development NGOs are in crisis. They are losing their capacity to engage in critical analysis and propose global solutions; to react to or seize the political initiative; or to situate themselves on the cutting edge of those social and political processes in which new approaches and potential solutions might be found. While some NGOs have sought to accommodate themselves around donors' policies and projects that focus on reducing the negative effects of structural adjustment, the raison d'être of NGOs is to have the autonomy, initiative, and flexibility that non-governmental status confers upon them. A growing split between NGOs' capacity to lobby and do research and their grassroots work reflects a deeper division that exists-- both practical and theoretical --between the concept and process of development and the concept and process of democratisation. The author argues that human development and participatory and representative democracy are both mutually reinforcing and indivisible and that the challenge the NGOs face is to link--theoretically and practically--democracy with development.     

菲律宾的非政府组织

本文分析了菲律宾作为拥有全球第三大非政府组织(NGO)的发展中国家,其非政府组织的缘起、总体情况及其发展趋势,并认为目前菲律宾NGO对国家和地区政策的影响仍然不大,但通过市民社会与国家的互动,有可能在国家政治生活中发挥更大的作用并影响政治决策。     

International NGOs and the challenge of modernity

The forces associated with economic globalisation and the apparent supremacy of market forces have unleashed a range of political and social processes that have served, and were indeed designed, to enrich and empower the few at the expense of the majority. These include phenomena such as the rise in armed conflict, threats to food security, the loss of livelihoods and traditional ways of life of millions of people worldwide, the commodification of social provision, assaults on national sovereignty, and the privatisation of citizenship. However, the author argues, the most significant impact of globalisation is the 'localisation' of social and political struggle, and the emergence of new forms of international solidarity. Many NGOs have too readily succumbed to the view that globalisation in its present form is inevitable and irreversible, and have accommodated to it by trading their essential values for technical professionalism, often imported from the private sector. However, if NGOs are to assume their place as part of a transformational movement for social justice, they must rediscover and foster the values of citizen participation and develop a genuine respect for diversity.     

Democratising development: NGOs and the state

Many NGOs are moving beyond conventional project work, with its emphasis on 'doing', and are attempting to enhance their impact through 'influencing'. There are four interconnected approaches: Project Replication, Grassroots Mobilisation, Influencing Policy Reform, and International Advocacy. Each calls for a more strategic relationship between NGOs and governments. For NGOs to move to an effective 'influencing' mode, new skills and a new relationship between Northern and Southern NGOs are required. The Technological Age, with its emphasis on physical projects, must give way to an Information Age, whose 'software' comprises access to official information, decision makers, and networks; and access to skills in communication, lobbying, and research. Northern NGOs must recognise that these requirements are becoming more important to their Southern counterparts than funds. If they do not, they will find their relationships becoming out of date, and their former counterparts will seek more appropriate allies — for example, among pressure groups in the North.     

马来中产阶级与马来西亚非政府组织关系探讨

在马来西亚，中产阶级作为一支有影响力的力量主要形成于二战后，特别是新经济政策实施后的经济高速发展时期。马来中产阶级参与到国家政治和社会生活的各个层面。本文在分析现代马来中产阶级产生原因和过程的基础上，选取巴生流域（Klang Valley），省城哥打吝鲁（Kota Bharu）和瓜拉丁加奴（Kuala Terengganu）3地的马来中产阶级对消费、环保、职业、居民和宗教这5类非政府组织的参与情况为重点分析对象。研究发现，马来中产阶级参与宗教、居民和职业组织的比例高于其他组织。几乎有三分之一的被调查者参与宗教和居民组织；五分之一参与了职业组织；参与其他组织，如消费者组织和环保组织的比例比较低。在大城市和省城，马来中产阶级对非政府组织的参与也有差别。     

美国国际开发署与非政府组织的合作模式

美国国际开发署是美国官方最重要的对外援助机构,在美国外援中发挥着重要作用。非政府组织是国际开发署具体实施援助的主要工具,国际开发署与非政府组织已形成了成熟的合作模式。国际开发署与非政府组织彼此借重,相互利用,客观上对发展中国家的经济、社会发展产生了积极作用,同时也给它们的政治和社会稳定带来了负面影响。     

The success of Afghan NGOs

During the 1990s, and as part of a broader drive towards the “Afghanisation” of humanitarian assistance in Pakistan, Afghan NGOs became key implementing agencies supporting refugee-related and reconstruction activities in Afghanistan. This paper provides a detailed account of their emergence and consolidation, with a twofold objective. First, it complements and contributes to recent studies on Afghan NGOs and Afghan civil society, by providing historical insights on their trajectory. Second, it assesses such trajectory as a way of engaging with broader discussions on the role of NGOs within humanitarian operations.

Le succès des ONG afghanes

Durant les années 1990, et dans le cadre d'une initiative plus générale vers l’« afghanisation » de l'assistance humanitaire au Pakistan, les ONG afghanes sont devenues des agences clés de mise en ?uvre soutenant des activités de reconstruction et d'aide aux réfugiés en Afghanistan. Cet article propose un compte rendu détaillé de leur apparition et de leur consolidation, dans un double objectif. En premier lieu il complète et contribue à des études récentes sur les ONG afghanes et la société civile afghane, en donnant un aperçu historique de leur trajectoire. En second lieu, il évalue cette trajectoire dans le but de prendre part à des discussions plus larges sur le rôle des ONG dans les opérations humanitaires.

El éxito de las ong afganas

Como parte de un esfuerzo dirigido a “afganizar” la asistencia humanitaria en Pakistán durante los años noventa, las ong afganas se volvieron agencias operativas clave para el apoyo de actividades vinculadas a los refugiados y a la reconstrucción en Afganistán. El presente artículo proporciona una historia detallada de su aparición y de su consolidación y tiene dos objetivos. En primer lugar, complementar y contribuir a los estudios recientes respecto a las ong afganas y a la sociedad civil afgana, esclareciendo su trayectoria histórica. En segundo lugar, realizar una valoración de dicha trayectoria como una manera de participar en el debate más amplio en torno al rol jugado por las ong en el ámbito de las operaciones humanitarias.

O sucesso de ONGs afegãs

Durante a década de 1990, como parte de uma orientação mais geral para a “Afeganização” da assistência humanitária no Paquistão, ONGs afegãs tornaram-se agências implementadoras cruciais que apoiam atividades relacionadas a refugiados e à reconstrução no Afeganistão. Este artigo oferece um relato detalhado sobre o seu surgimento e consolidação, com um duplo objetivo. Primeiramente, ele complementa e contribui para estudos recentes sobre ONGs afegãs e a sociedade civil afegã, fornecendo informações históricas sobre sua trajetória. Em segundo lugar, ele avalia tal trajetória como forma de engajamento com discussões mais gerais sobre o papel de ONGs dentro de operações humanitárias.     

非政府组织与东南亚国家政治发展

非政府组织在东南亚国家社会政治发展进程中发挥着重要作用。非政府组织的活动已经渗透各国社会经济和政治生活的许多方面。本文在简单回顾东南亚各国非政府组织发展历史的基础上,分析各国对待非政府组织的态度和政策,及其形成这些政策的原因。随着东南亚国家政治的转型,政府对非政府组织的政策也处于进一步的调整之中,其基本趋势是,相互包容,相互促进,共谋国家发展。     

NGOs: between buzzwords and social movements

The associations that the term ‘NGO’ has acquired in development discourse need to be critically analysed in relation to practice on the ground. Drawing on an analysis of the rise of NGOs in Palestine, the author suggests that the development of the NGO movement served to demobilise Palestinian civil society in a phase of national struggle. Through professionalisation and projectisation brought about by donor-funded attempts to promote ‘civil society’, a process of NGOisation has taken place. The progressive de-politicisation of the women's movement that NGOisation has brought about has created a vacuum that has been increasingly filled by the militancy of the Islamic Movement (Hamas). As this case shows, ‘NGOs’ may be a development buzzword, but they are no magic bullet. Rather than taking for granted the positive, democratising effects of the growth and spread of NGOs as if they represented ‘civil society’ itself, this article contends, a more critical approach is needed, one that takes greater account of the politics of specific contexts and of the dynamics of institutionalisation.