事件相关电位在刑事测谎中的应用

事件相关电位(简称ERP)是近三十年来在医学、心理学领域中得到广泛应用的特殊诱发电位,其中它的内源性成分P300是出现在刺激后300-800ms之间的正向波,反映了大脑对刺激信息的认知加工过程,也是ERP用于测谎的最主要的指标.在刑事案件测谎时,根据案件的关键情节、情境以及涉案物品选择靶刺激和非靶刺激,并按照30%和70%的比例组成刺激序列,比较嫌疑人在接受靶与非靶刺激后的P300波面积、波幅的差异,并根据结果判断其是否说谎.     

反测试的手段及应对策略探析

在多导仪测试中出现的“反测试”会干扰测试人员对图谱的分析，本文通过分析对抗型和功利型两类反测试者，发现其反测试的方式主要是通过抑制相关问题（靶问题）的反应或增强对准绳问题（背景）的反应来实施，最常用的手段是体能性反测试和精神性反测试。针对其反测试的方式和手段，制定相关的应对策略。     

心理测试原理略论

原理是测试方法的理论基础和科学依据。心理测试(测谎)技术是通过测量人体生理变化参数来确定人对相关问题回答是否诚实进而判断他与所调查案件是否相关的一门技术。其基本原理是:心理刺激触发生理反应,生理反应反映心理变化;刺激强度与反应大小正相关;相同问题刺激不同反应。     

心理测试题目设置中的兴奋点和刺激点分析

目的　从心理兴奋点和刺激点的角度 ,以及有效刺激和无效刺激问题上对心理测试题目设置问题进行系统的分析。方法　以实践为基础结合案件应用对相关问题进行探讨。结果　对相关问题从有效刺激的角度进行了新的定义。结论　把握好刺激点与兴奋点的对应关系 ,尽可能把相关问题的刺激点转化成有效刺激 ,对测试具有重要意义     

视觉诱发电位在客观视力检测中的应用

目的 旨在探讨受检者视觉诱发电位的检查结果与其主观视力的相互关系。方去 对253眼按对照组与实验组分组,分别将其视觉诱发电位的最佳刺激视角和阈刺激视角与主观视力进行统计学分析研究。结果 视觉诱发电位的最佳刺激视角和阈刺激视角与主观视力水平存在显著相关。结论 可以借助视觉诱发电位检查来推算受检者相应的视力水平,提高眼损伤司法鉴定的准确性。     

错案追究终身制的发展难题——制度缺陷、逆向刺激与实用主义重构

从错案追究终身制的历史发展来看,其在防治司法不公上的作用非常有限。作为司法机关内部的一种责任追究机制,它也表现出浓厚的行政化色彩和明显的制度缺陷。"错案"界定不明、纠责范围不确定以及职业风险终身性等问题的存在,导致法官采取各种方式来规避这种制度性缺陷,使得错案追究终身制在司法实践中产生了一种逆向刺激结果。为了纠正我国错案追究终身制的发展难题,司法机关应当以法律实用主义的理念重构该制度。     

事件相关电位与多道心理测谎的比较分析

事件相关电位测谎技术(简称ERP)作为近年来兴起的心理测试方式与传统的多道心理测试技术相比有很大的不同:在基本原理方面,事件相关电位测谎是根据被试对相关刺激的脑电反应来判别他与所调查事件的关系,而多道心理测试技术则是根据被试对相关刺激的呼吸和血压的变化来进行评判;在测试内容和程序方面表现为行为样本、评分标准和测试结论上的差异;在效度、信度方面,多道心理测试技术具有优于事件相关电位测谎的信度和效度研究成果。     

入字笔顺识别方法

目的 建立入字笔顺的科学识别方法.方法 收集实验笔迹样本分别作为训练样本和测试样本,由书写样本的被试者报告目标字的笔顺,依据训练样本提取入字的形态特征,在特征基础上建立分类器,使用测试样本评估分类器的性能.结果 共获得352份有效样本,被试者报告了2种入字笔顺,提取撇笔收笔动向等形态特征,拟定判别函数,建立判别规则,由测试者对识别方法进行测试.结论 建立了入字笔顺的识别方法,对于测试样本,拒识率为11.4％,测试错误率为4.6％.     

超生反应阶段人骨骼肌对电刺激反应的形态学研究

利用人骨骼肌在死亡早期阶段能对电刺激产生兴奋和收缩的特点，以加大刺激强度为手段，对18例死亡早期阶段（1小时25分至6小时40分）具有超生反应能力的尸检骨骼肌和17例稍晚阶段（10～60小时）不具有超生反应能力的尸检骨骼肌，进行了电刺激损伤的系列形态学对比研究。结果表明，死亡早期阶段的肢体骨骼肌，经电刺激后，能产生整个肌肉或局部肌肉的收缩；在电极周围以及电路中的肌纤维形成大片的极具特点的收缩带、条带状嗜酸性变、高度变形的节段状和盘片状崩解等改变；稍晚期阶段受刺激的肌纤维则未见上述改变。探讨形态学改变的形成机理及意义，为研究死亡早期阶段的电损伤提供形态学基础。     

正常人蓝/黄颜色刺激事件相关电位的探讨

目的研究正常人等亮度蓝/黄颜色刺激电生理反应及其头皮分布,探讨大脑处理蓝/黄颜色视觉信息的特征及其法医学价值。方法对20名正常人（40只眼）进行等亮度蓝/黄颜色刺激,同时记录其脑电反应。结果事件相关电位（Event-related potentials,ERP）早期成分显示：与蓝色靶刺激相比,黄色靶刺激引起广泛脑区N1和P2潜伏期显著缩短;此外,黄色靶刺激较蓝色靶刺激诱发出较大N1及P2,且P2振幅右半球优势效应显著。ERP晚期成分显示：与早期成分相似,与黄色靶刺激对比,蓝色靶刺激引起广泛脑区N2和P3潜伏期显著延长,以及较小的N2和P3,同时,P3表现出显著的左半球优势效应。结论以上ERP结果提示,等亮度模式下,大脑对黄色反应更敏感,黄色刺激不仅引起ERP早期成分N1和P2潜伏期的缩短及振幅的升高,同时还引起ERP晚期成分N2和P3潜伏期缩短及振幅升高。颜色ERP可能在未来法医学基础研究及临床鉴定实践中发挥很大的应用价值。     

行政机关自我规制动力探究

行政机关既是追求物质利益的经济人,也是重视社会关系的社会人。行政机关自我规制的内部动力归根结底是其进行成本—收益分析之后的理性选择。行政机关自我规制的外部动力主要在于外部规制功能的不足,而这种不足恰好可以由自我规制弥补。确保行政机关自我规制动力的持续性既依赖于制度的保障,也依赖于技术的支持。惟其如此,行政机关才能彰显自我规制的力量,树立良好机关形象。     

对反收购中目标公司管理层行为的规制

在目标公司反收购制度的构建中,最主要的内容莫过于对目标公司中小股东利益的保护,而完善这项内容的核心所在就是对目标公司管理层行为的规制。从对管理层行为规制的理论来看,结合英美法关于此方面的立法和判例,针对我国的实际情况和证券市场的特点,不难看出我国有必要构建反收购制度。     

Effects of collaborative recall: Denying true information is as powerful as suggesting misinformation

We tested whether someone's ability to tell a good story, in terms of the Reality Monitoring (RM) tool, affects the way s/he judges the stories told by others. Forty participants (undergraduate students) wrote down two statements – one about activities they did 30 minutes ago, and the other about a past event. Subsequently, they rated the quality of a target statement written by someone else. We found that the tendency to provide a not so detailed or a very detailed statement was stable across the two statements the participants wrote. Furthermore, this tendency affected how they judged the target statements: The richer a participant's statements were compared to the target statement, the more critical the participant was in judging the target statement. These findings imply that RM is subject to biases which are related to individual differences. We discuss the implications of these findings for applying the RM lie detection tool in the field.     

论我国环境法法典化的基本路径与模式

在新的形势下法典化已经成为环境法发展的新路向,我国亦当对此予以积极回应。尽管我国环境法仍未发展到成熟的基本法阶段,但基于现实国情和形势发展需要,我国环境法应当跨越基本法发展模式,直接进入法典化发展阶段,实行渐进式、阶段性的法典化。在具体模式选择上,我国环境法的法典化应当在充分借鉴瑞典、法国和德国的环境法典(或草案)模式的基础上,采用法典法和单行法共存互补的方式,按照"总则-分则-附则"和"编-章-节"的体例结构来进行环境法典的编纂。     

构建新型社会主义道德体系应重视的几个问题

在建设社会主义市场经济的实践中,人们已越来越深刻地认识到,构建与社会主义市场经济体制相适应的社会主义道德体系,确立其在我国社会生活中的主导地位,使之有效地调节社会生活中人与人、个人与社会的关系,为社会经济健康发展和社会生活安定有序创造必要条件,是新时期加强道德建设的当务之急。本文从三个方面探讨了这一问题。     

落实科学发展观完善环境保护立法

以科学发展观为指导,在加快经济发展速度的同时,进一步完善环境保护立法,创新技术实现清洁生产,才能真正改善和保护生态环境,实现人与自然的和谐发展,我国才能走上全面协调可持续的发展道路,最终建成社会主义和谐社会。     

Targeted Y chromosome capture enrichment in admixed South American samples with haplogroup Q

Y haplogroups, defined by Y-SNPs, allow the reconstruction of the human Y chromosome genealogy. Recently, MPS based panels were introduced in the forensic genetics community for Y-SNP typing and identification of a broad range of haplogroups. The panels are based on an amplicon strategy and allow the detection of up to 15,600 Y-SNPs. The panels target up to 210,000 bps, which should be compared to the overall 8.9 Mbps comprising the unique regions of the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome (NRY). We present an alternative approach of sequencing unique regions within the NRY using target enrichment probes and hybridization capture. A total of 359,954 probes were designed using the SureDesign software, representing 7.5 Mbps of the NRY. Library preparation and capture were performed using the Agilent SureSelect XT HS2 Target Enrichment method and sequencing was performed in a NovaSeq 6000 System. Besides individual barcodes, the method also included unique molecular barcodes for additional quality screening. The method was tested on admixed South Americans that carry a Y chromosome of haplogroup Q. We successfully identified novel variation that could potentially help refining haplogroup Q phylogeny.     

秘密侦查与侦查公开的冲突及解决——兼论侦查公开与侦查秘密原则

侦查公开和侦查秘密原则有各自的内涵,一般应主张侦查公开为原则,侦查秘密为例外.侦查公开原则要求侦查机关应当就侦查的一些情况向当事人及其律师或向社会公开.侦查公开具体而言涉及到公开的对象、时间、方式和公开内容等几个方面的内容.秘密侦查与侦查公开原则会产生严重的冲突,解决这种冲突的主要方法就是遵循基本原则、在秘密侦查和侦查公开间保持平衡,同时强化司法控制,并建立相应的救济机制.     

Strengths and limitations of actuarial prediction of criminal reoffence in a German prison sample: a comparative study of LSI-R, HCR-20 and PCL-R

Unlike many other countries, for many years, Germany disregarded structured instruments for assessing the risk of criminal reoffence. However, this negative attitude now seems to be gradually changing. An increasing number of contributions regarding structured instruments have been published in the German literature in the last years, and some instruments have already found their way into practice. However, studies that systematically examine the applicability of the mostly Anglo-American instruments to German criminals are still lacking. Therefore, the major objective of the current study was to test some internationally established procedures in a larger unselected sample from the German penal system. The following were included in the study: the Level of Service Inventory - Revised (LSI-R), the HCR-20 Scheme, and the Psychopathy Checklist - Revised (PCL-R). On the whole, the instruments proved to be applicable to German criminals with only a few adaptations to the German situation, and they achieved a predictive accuracy comparable to the values reported internationally. However, there were only minor differences in the predictive performance between the measures. Moreover, some basic limitations became apparent. Firstly, we found quite high percentages of criminals with medium scores and a correspondingly ambiguous prognosis. Furthermore, the predictive accuracy seemed to be dependent on demographic, criminological and psychopathological characteristics of the offenders. Finally, the instruments appeared to only partially utilize the empirical store of knowledge available regarding factors influencing the recidivism of criminals, since even a simple predictive model that only added a few further aspects besides the tested instruments (e. g. treatment yes or no) achieved systematically better predictions than the instruments alone. Altogether, the tested measures turned out to be useful instruments for risk assessments and may be conducive for a more systemized practice. However, due to the limitations inherent, they should be seen as a complement to a careful and clinically informed appraisal and not a substitute.