Infant mortality in Bremen in the 19th century

This article analyses the development of infant mortality in the port city of Bremen within a disaggregated framework, using the available material from civil birth and death registers, as well as the census returns for 1862, 1871, 1885, 1895, and 1905. The analysis focuses on a number of factors that affected infant mortality, including breast-feeding, female labor-force participation, social class, and migrant status. Particular attention is paid to the age structure of infant mortality in relation to stillbirths and reproductive mortality, as well as registered trends in neonatal and postneonatal mortality. The Bremen data also provide a basis for analyzing infant mortality by cause of death and seasonality. By incorporating disaggregated demographic and socioeconomic data, the authors are able to offer some new insights into the determinants of urban infant mortality trends in the 19th century.     

婴儿猝死综合征规范化诊断的建议和思考

婴儿猝死综合征(SIDS)的诊断包括死亡性质和直接死因的判断,是当前法医学诊断领域的一个难点.国内对婴儿尸体检查不规范,对婴儿死亡现场环境和病史资料的搜集不够全面,直接导致SIDS的诊断不规范.在围绕如何规范化诊断SIDS,提两点建议:一是婴儿的解剖检查应当规范化,检查项目要做到全面细致;二是重视婴儿资料的收集,使用婴儿死亡调查表搜集死亡现场和婴儿病史资料.     

Sudden Infant and Early Childhood Death and Sinus of Valsalva Pseudoaneurysms

Two cases of occult pseudoaneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva (SoV) are reported to demonstrate different etiologies and lethal mechanisms. A previously well 9‐month‐old boy who suffered an unexpected fatal cardiorespiratory arrest was found at autopsy to have a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of the left SoV resulting in lethal hemopericardium. A 13.5‐month‐old boy died soon after presenting with a 24‐h history of poor feeding and reduced urine output. At autopsy, destruction of the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve by bacterial endocarditis was found with extension of the inflammation into a pseudoaneurysm of the SoV with surrounding abscess formation involving the atrioventricular node. Death was most likely due to an arrhythmia. Pseudoaneurysms of the SoV are exceedingly rare but may result in sudden/unexpected death in infancy and early childhood from rupture or involvement of the conduction system or myocardium. Detailed cardiac examination is essential in all unexpected deaths in early life.     

Infant formula record and record retention requirements--FDA. Final rule

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its infant formula regulations with respect to records, and retention of records, that relate to various subjects, including, but not limited to, microbiological and nutrient testing, manufacturers' audits, and consumer complaints. This action is in response to the 1986 infant formula amendments to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act). The amended regulations will help ensure a safe, wholesale, and sanitary sole source of nutrition for infants.     

论嫖宿幼女行为的刑法规制

我国对嫖宿幼女行为的刑法规制经历了一个从无到有、从模糊到明确的过程。现行刑法将嫖宿幼女行为单独设罪,导致了犯罪归类错误、刑罚横向失衡、价值导向混乱以及司法操作困难等问题。嫖宿幼女罪存在的缺陷无法通过解释论加以合理解决,应在立法上取消本罪,对嫖宿幼女行为根据其行为内容分别以强奸罪或者猥亵儿童罪定罪处罚。     

Addressing Infant and Toddler Issues in the Juvenile Court: Challenges for the 21st Century

To achieve the goal of permanency for children in the child welfare system, it is critical that different disciplines work together, improve communication, and understand each other's role and expertise in the process. Through a case study, this article attempts to show the problems, conflicts, and solutions in working to ensure a child's best interests from three points of view: a children's attorney from New York City, a judge from Miami, Florida, and an infant mental health specialist and interdisciplinary trainer from Los Angeles. First, we propose that emotional caregiving is a fundamental right of all children and includes a stable, nurturing, and permanent long‐term relationship. Conflicts between the timing of children's needs, parents' needs, and the judge's legal duties are discussed as a tension with which we all must struggle to resolve if we are to successfully address children's “irreducible needs” (Brazelton & Greenspan, 2000). If the provision of custodial care shifts toward including emotional care as a goal for the growing number of infants entering the foster care system, the ensuing conflicts will provide opportunities for all parts of the foster care system—including the courts—to rethink how infants' needs are evaluated and factored into decision making.     

Dialectics,Infant Shaking,and Perpetrator Statements in Child Maltreatment

There is little middle ground in the dispute between those who believe violent shaking to be a cause of infant mortality and those who deny any link between the two. This brief report considers, from a philosophical perspective, the state of the infant shaking debate and the potential for a future dialectical resolution based on the available evidence. It is argued that for such a resolution to become a reality it will be necessary for child protection professionals to work together to combine a more inclusive, transdisciplinary attitude to research with a more rational, civil approach to dialogue.     

Infant Homicide: Victim/Offender Relationship and Causes of Death

The phenomenon of infant homicide (infanticide) has been examined, explained, justified, and treated according to physiological, psychiatric, and psychological correlates. There has been little examination of the social correlates directly pertaining to infant homicide. However, social correlates are often indirectly addressed in the medical and psychiatric literature. This paper tests relationships between social correlates often asserted, but typically not tested, in the medical and psychiatric literature. Using a sample of 380 infant homicides in Texas from 1981 through 1991, a multivariate analysis between victim/offender relationship, cause of death, and victim's age at time of fatal injury, predicts the age at which an infant (34 months) is likely to be fatally injured. The findings support the following hypotheses: (1) as the age of the victim increases, the level of violence used to fatally injure the infant increases; and (2) as the level of relational intimacy decreases, the level of violence used to fatally injure the infant increases.     

关于监护人对未成年人致人损害的赔偿责任

监护人对未成年人致人损害的责任是一种特殊的侵权责任。我国《民法通则》第133条及相关规定不尽合理。因此，有必要以未成年人侵权责任能力制度为切入点，探讨监护人对未成年人致人损害的责任的形态、委托监护时监护人的责任等问题。     

Infant mortality and concepts of hygiene. Strategies and consequences in the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic: the example of Berlin

The fight against infant mortality followed the guidelines of “hygiene” and their modifications into social, racial, and national hygiene. In Berlin, the campaign to promote infant hygiene began in 1904, when the municipal authorities started to create infant care centers tentatively under the auspices of a charitable association. During and after the First World War, the authorities expanded this campaign to reflect a growing commitment to the principles of social and racial hygiene, which aimed both to improve social conditions that worked against the health of children and to strengthen the constitution of the race. While racial hygienists feared that social measures for the weak would promote degeneration by encouraging their survival, social hygienists argued that it was impossible to distinguish between “fit” and “unfit” in early childhood, and eugenics became increasingly important. Social hygiene as a means of prevention was reduced to a “systematical registration” of the more or less fit individuals. This development and the eugenic background of infant care created a link to the concept of selection in Nazi Germany.     

Infant mortality and concepts of hygiene. Strategies and consequences in the Kaiserreich and the Weimar Republic: the example of Berlin

The fight against infant mortality followed the guidelines of “hygiene” and their modifications into social, racial, and national hygiene. In Berlin, the campaign to promote infant hygiene began in 1904, when the municipal authorities started to create infant care centers tentatively under the auspices of a charitable association. During and after the First World War, the authorities expanded this campaign to reflect a growing commitment to the principles of social and racial hygiene, which aimed both to improve social conditions that worked against the health of children and to strengthen the constitution of the race. While racial hygienists feared that social measures for the weak would promote degeneration by encouraging their survival, social hygienists argued that it was impossible to distinguish between “fit” and “unfit” in early childhood, and eugenics became increasingly important. Social hygiene as a means of prevention was reduced to a “systematical registration” of the more or less fit individuals. This development and the eugenic background of infant care created a link to the concept of selection in Nazi Germany.