血中酒精消除速度与浓度推算关系的研究

目的 研究人血中酒精消除速度与血中酒精浓度的推算关系。方法 用呼气式酒精测定仪测定95位自愿受试者饮酒后一定时间内的血中酒精浓度,对时一浓曲线进行分析。结果 血中酒精的消除符合线性消除规律,消除线性相关系数为-0.989±0.011,最小值为-0.098,最大值-1.000;血中酒精消除速度为-0.140 mg·ml-1·h-1±0.028,最小值为-0.098 mg·ml-1·h-1,最大值-0.230 mg·ml-1·h-1。结论 血中酒精浓度可依据酒精消除速度[-0.10mg·ml-1·h-1]进行回推算。     

人饮酒后血液中酒精含量及行为能力判定2例

关于对酒后当事人体内的酒精浓度和行为能力判定,目前我国尚无统一适用的鉴定标准与规范,故对当事人酒后遭性侵案件的司法鉴定,尚未曾见有报道,现将我们受理的2例酒后遭性侵对当事人行为能力判定案例报告如下. 1案例资料 [案例1]张某,女.2018年某日到当地派出所报案,称其在前日17时30分～18时45分与他人聚会喝了 50...     

人体内血醇浓度变化及其影响因素分析

目的探索饮酒后人体内血醇浓度(BAC)变化及其影响因素,建立BAC代谢的数学模型。方法采用顶空气相色谱氢火焰离子化检测器和内标曲线法测量酒后人体内的BAC,利用SPSS20.0和R软件对数据进行相关性分析并建立数学模型。结果女性的平均BAC消除速率为9.54mg/100m L/h,男性的平均BAC消除速率为12.19mg/100m L/h,女性消除速率小于男性,并且BAC消除速率与性别中等相关,与体重强相关,与年龄无关。通过构建混合效应模型可以准确的预测BAC,该模型的平均绝对误差(MAE)为1.60mg/100m L,其次利用决策树分析数据,其MAE为9.99mg/100m L。结论饮酒后人体内BAC消除速率与性别、体重有关,通过时间、饮酒量、性别、体重建立混合效应模型可以准确推断BAC。     

浅析酒精含量检验的影响因素

日前,公安机关交通管理部门对驾驶人是否饮酒或醉酒后驾驶行为的认定,主要依靠呼气酒精含量检验和血液酒精含量检验两种方法.呼气式酒精测试仪是通过呼吸来检验酒精含量,其精确度要低于提取血液进行检验.血液酒精浓度(blood alcohol concentration,BAC)的结果可用于法庭、法医和临床等领域,特别是在突然死亡、驾驶事故等案件中是至关重要的.根据血液或其他检材中酒精浓度判断是否酒精中毒,除考虑所用方法的灵敏度、准确性、稳定性以外,还应考虑如下影响因素.     

论道路交通事故与驾驶员血中酒精含量关系

目的探讨道路交通事故与饮酒驾车血中酒精含量关系及其法医学意义,为预防、控制道路交通事故提供重要依据。方法对2005份道路交通事故肇事驾驶员血酒精鉴定资料进行系统分析性研究。结果饮酒驾车以男性为主,女性饮酒驾车出现醉酒驾车的比例与男性无差别。市区驾驶员醉酒驾车高于郊区。驾驶员BAC<20mg/100mL肇事导致死亡的比例高于饮酒驾车肇事组(BAC20￣79mg/100ML),而BAC≥80mg/100mL则低于饮酒驾车肇事组。结论应降低饮酒驾车和醉酒驾车BAC标准,以利于减少交通事故肇事死亡率。     

血中乙醇质量浓度与神经行为能力的关系

目的 研究血中乙醇质量浓度与神经行为能力的关系。方法 采用中文第三版计算机化神经行为测试评价系统（NES-C3）,通过自身对照的方式,对233名饮酒者进行神经行为能力的测试。结果 当血中乙醇质量浓度I〉0．157mg／mL时,视简单反应时和数字筛选能力指数有显著性下降;当血中乙醇质量浓度I〉0．204mg／mL时,心算、视觉保留、线条判断能力指数有显著性下降。结论 神经行为能力随着血中乙醇质量浓度的升高而下降,然后随着乙醇的不断代谢,血中乙醇质量浓度的降低,神经行为能力逐渐恢复。     

驾驶人死亡交通事故中酒精及其相关因素分析

近年来,我国机动车保有量快速增长,机动车交通事故数量不断增加。据我国公安部交通管理局统计,2004年因酒后驾车造成4658人死亡,占死亡总数的4.4%[1]。本文统计分析了2003~2004年沈阳市因交通事故死亡的驾驶人体液中酒精含量及其相关因素,希望能为交通事故的预防提供一些帮助。     

涉嫌酒后驾驶交通事故人体损伤与驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度关系研究

目的探讨涉嫌酒后驾驶所致道路交通事故中人体损伤情况与驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度关系,为预防、控制道路交通事故及人体损伤提供依据。方法对467例涉嫌酒后驾驶机动车的道路交通事故损伤人员相关鉴定资料与肇事驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度进行系统分析性研究。结果涉嫌酒后驾驶发生道路交通事故的损伤人员中,以20~39岁男性居多;事故中驾驶员损伤机率最高;酒后交通事故以长头小车及摩托车最多,而驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）为0.1~20mg/100mL浓度的摩托车驾乘人员伤亡构成比最高;酒后驾驶机动车肇事导致的人体致命性损伤及人员死亡的饮酒组危险程度均高于未饮酒组,在驾驶员血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）为0.1~20mg/100mL组与20.1~80mg/100mL组比较无明显差异。结论酒后驾驶肇事导致的人员伤亡比未饮酒驾车交通事故严重;未达酒后驾车组（BAC为0.1~20mg/100mL）和酒后驾车组（BAC为20.1~80mg/100mL）交通事故导致的人员伤亡无明显差异。研究结果提示,应降低饮酒后驾车血中乙醇质量浓度（BAC）法定标准阈值,进一步控制和减少道路交通事故人身伤亡率。     

女性锁骨推算身高初步研究

个人识别是法医学研究的重要课题，包括性别、年龄、身高及种族4个主要生物学识别属性。而推算生前身高是对无名尸块、尸骨等进行个人识别的一项重要指标。     

HPLC-UVD/FLD法测定血中氟乙酸类杀鼠剂

目的采用水相催化衍生化-液相色谱-紫外/荧光检测分析法,检测血中氟乙酸类杀鼠剂。方法血样经乙腈沉淀蛋白后,加入衍生化试剂4-溴甲基-7-甲氧基香豆素、催化剂四丁基溴化铵,在80℃水浴中衍生化反应120min,衍生产采用液相色谱-紫外/荧光检测分析。结果紫外检测法:氟乙酸根浓度在0.38～38.50μg/mL之间线性关系良好,最低检出限为0.10μg/mL;荧光检测法:氟乙酸根浓度在0.15～15.40μg/mL之间线性关系良好,最低检出限为0.050μg/mL。结论水相催化衍生化-液相色谱-紫外/荧光检测分析方法具有较好的灵敏度、准确性和精密度,可用于实际案例检测。     

Ethanol stability in unpreserved refrigerated antemortem blood

Ethanol stability in preserved antemortem blood has been widely studied since it is a common practice in cases involving suspected impaired driving to collect antemortem blood in evacuated blood tubes containing sodium fluoride. In some situations, antemortem blood is submitted to a forensic laboratory for ethanol analysis in evacuated blood tubes that contain only an anticoagulant. There has been limited research on ethanol stability in antemortem blood stored without a preservative. On two occasions, antemortem blood was collected from five ethanol-free individuals into 6-ml Vacutainer® tubes containing only 10.8 mg potassium EDTA. The blood tubes were spiked with ethanol to approximately either 0.08 or 0.15 g/dl. Dual-FID headspace gas chromatography was used to analyze 58 blood tubes, 29 from each session, for ethanol 1 day after sample collection and again after 1 year of refrigerated storage (~4°C). Statistically significant decreases in ethanol were detected at the 0.05 level of significance. Mean decreases in ethanol after 1 year of storage for the 0.08 and 0.15 g/dl samples were 0.013 and 0.010 g/dl, respectively. The mean ethanol decrease across all tubes was 0.012 g/dl. The range of decreases for the 58 blood tubes was 0.003–0.018 g/dl. The mean ethanol decreases measured in this unpreserved antemortem blood are comparable in magnitude to those previously observed in antemortem blood containing sodium fluoride after 1 year of refrigerated storage. Ethanol did not increase in the antemortem blood samples despite the absence of sodium fluoride.     

直接进样气相色谱法测定全血中乙醇的含量

目的建立一种直接进样气相色谱法检测全血中的乙醇。方法全血经硫酸铝钾沉淀蛋白,加入内标异丙醇后,用直接进样气相色谱法进行检测,FID为检测器,用保留时间定性,内标标准曲线法定量。结果该方法线性范围为0.2-1.4mg/m L,相关系数R=0.999 3,总分析时间不超过5min,最低检测限为0.01mg/m L,相对标准偏差（RSD）〈5%,平均回收率为92.3%;所建立的方法与顶空气相色谱（HS-GC）法比较相对偏差（RD）〈10%。结论该方法可用于全血中乙醇的检测。     

The association of alcohol-induced blackouts and grayouts to blood alcohol concentrations

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the association between measured blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and the presence and degree of amnesia (no amnesia, grayout, or blackout) in actively drinking subjects. A secondary aim was to determine potential factors other than BAC that contribute to the alcohol-induced memory loss. An interview questionnaire was administered to subjects regarding a recent alcohol associated arrest with a documented BAC greater than 0.08 g/dL for either public intoxication, driving under the influence, or under age drinking was administered. Demographic variables collected included drinking history, family history of alcoholism, presence of previous alcohol-related memory loss during a drinking episode, and drinking behavior during the episode. Memory of the drinking episode was evaluated to determine if either an alcohol-induced grayout (partial anterograde amnesia) or blackout (complete anterograde amnesia) occurred. Differences in (1) mean total number of drinks ingested before arrest, (2) gulping of drinks, and (3) BAC at arrest were found for those having blackouts compared with no amnesia; while differences in drinking more than planned were found between the no amnesia and grayout groups. A strong linear relationship between BAC and predicted probability of memory loss, particularly for blackouts was obvious. This finding clinically concludes that subjects with BAC of 310 g/dL or greater have a 0.50 or greater probability of having an alcoholic blackout.     

Methamphetamine and alcohol detection in vehicle-driver fatalities in South Australia: A 10-year survey (2008–2018)

Motor vehicle driver fatalities (≥18 years) from the files at Forensic Science South Australia were reviewed from January 2008 to December 2018 for cases in which either positive blood sample for methamphetamine (MA) or an illegal blood alcohol concentration (BAC) >0.05g/100 ml were found. Three hundred driver deaths were found with MA detected in 28 cases (age range 21–62 years; ave. 37.8 years; M:F 23:5). Hundred and fifteen cases with a BAC > 0.05 g/100 ml were identified (age range 18–67 years; ave 35.7 years; M:F 95:20). No change was found in numbers of MA cases, although alcohol cases showed a significant decline (p < 0.001). Drunk driving-related fatal crashes tended to occur in the evening (5 p.m. to 11 p.m.), while MA-related fatal crashes had a longer peak extending from late evening until late morning (11 p.m. to 8 a.m.). This study has demonstrated that while roadside breath testing, legislative changes, and increased monitoring have resulted in reduced levels of drunk driving, similar safety countermeasures have had negligible effects on MA use in drivers. Continued monitoring of MA use by drivers will, therefore, be necessary to assess the possible effects, or not, of new countermeasures.     

A large-scale study of the relationship between blood and breath alcohol concentrations in New Zealand drinking drivers

Blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) and corresponding breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) were determined for 21,582 drivers apprehended by New Zealand police. BAC was measured using headspace gas chromatography, and BrAC was determined with Intoxilyzer 5000 or Seres Ethylometre infrared analysers. The delay (DEL) between breath testing and blood sampling ranged from 0.03 to 5.4 h. BAC/BrAC ratios were calculated before and after BAC values were corrected for DEL using 19 mg/dL/h as an estimate of the blood alcohol clearance rate. Calculations were performed for single and duplicate breath samples obtained using the Intoxilyzer (groups I-1 and I-2) and Seres devices (groups S-1 and S-2). Before correction for DEL, BAC/BrAC ratios for groups I-1, I-2, S-1, and S-2 were (mean+/-SD) 2320+/-260, 2180+/-242, 2330+/-276, and 2250+/-259, respectively. After BAC values were adjusted for DEL, BAC/BrAC ratios for these groups were (mean+/-SD) 2510+/-256, 2370+/-240, 2520+/-280, and 2440+/-260, respectively. Our results indicate that in New Zealand the mean BAC/BrAC ratio is 19-26% higher than the ratio of the respective legal limits (2000).     

Post-mortem blood alcohol concentration of the traffic accident victims and changes in DUI legislation in Slovenia 1980–2006

This study aims to contribute to the analysis of the impact of alcohol consumption on road traffic safety in Slovenia and to evaluate the effectiveness of the changes in road traffic safety legislation concerning this issue within the period 1980–2006. For this purpose we have performed a retrospective analysis of 1913 autopsy reports on traffic casualties, with an emphasis on their blood alcohol concentration (BAC), mode of participation in traffic (drivers, pedestrians, etc.) and the impact of legislation changes. In addition, we have analysed the relations between BAC, the time and day of death and the gender of victims. Changes in the legislation were made in 1981, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1998 and 2005, yet only those made in 1981, 1990 and 1998 resulted in the increase of the actual fines. Within the observed period there was a substantial reduction in the average BAC in almost all of the categories of traffic participants (pedestrians: from 1.20 to 0.73; passengers: from 1.08 to 0.56; cyclists: from 1.11 to 0.56; motorcyclists: from 0.68 to 0.33) except in the category of drivers (negligible reduction from 0.81 to 0.76). Insufficient improvement in the latter category is extremely important, because many sober vulnerable traffic participants become victims of drunk drivers. Further concern arises from the finding that heavily drinking drivers are not responsive to penalty increases. We came to the conclusion that, in addition to raising fines and expanding penalty points, the introduction and effective enforcement of complex legislative measures together with wide community action are necessary to resolve DUI problems in Slovenia.     

腐败血液中自生醇现象及法医学应用研究

目的 检测分析腐败血液中乙醇、甲醇等物质的生成过程,为正确判断案发时人血液中醇类物质的实际浓度提供实验依据.方法 以正常健康人血液制作腐败样本,分别模拟人死亡后正常人血液和糖尿病人高糖血液的腐败过程,借助顶空气相色谱仪测定两种血液腐败后醇/醛类物质的生成情况并对比含量差异.结果 相同实验条件下,高糖血液较正常健康血液更...