我国侦查权的程序性控制

我国现有的侦查权程序性控制表现为以内部自律的科层制控制为主、外部他律的分权式控制为辅的基本制度格局。从制度构造的表象看,传统的线性分工模式、功利导向的控制方式和不彻底的程序性救济,暴露了侦查权程序性控制体系的残缺和现有制度的羸弱。在社会文化和制度环境的作用下,长期的科层制控制和检察监督所形成的固化观念,使我国侦查权的程序性控制陷入了理念上的“内卷化”,并逐步消解着以现有制度为对象而进行的种种机制性改良尝试。立足于未来发展,我国侦查权程序性控制的制度远景应该是建立合乎我国国情的司法审查模式,使侦查权的控制走向彻底的法治化和专业化。在既有的法律框架下,侦查权程序性控制的制度近景则是以非法证据排除规则为后盾,通过与检察监督的衔接,建立审前程序中以检察机关为中心、审判程序中以法院为中心的二阶层控制模式;并通过与案例指导、国家赔偿、司法建议等制度的配套运行,形成制度合力,倒逼侦查方式和技术的改善,进而促进制度远景目标的实现。     

Is there a “lost world” of criminal investigation?

This article is a critical examination of current investigation textbooks. It argues that they, like urban government textbooks of years ago, are deficient in many ways. For instance it is asserted that in a number of respects current texts present an inaccurate depiction of the criminal investigation process. This comes about in a number of ways. For example, at least by implication, many texts appear to present an inaccurate portrayal of how investigators spend their time. Moreover, they also present a highly simplistic picture of both the inter- and intra-organizational context within which investigators must operate. In addition to these deficiencies, the texts under consideration are also guilty of over-emphasizing the role that criminalistics play in the investigative process, while at the same time under-emphasizing the role of informants. Furthermore, most texts put a heavy emphasis on describing the ideal investigator while ignoring the characteristics that actual investigators exhibit. Finally, it is suggested that because criminal investigation texts do not present typologies or categories of crime, the student is faced with a mass of facts that are difficult to learn and retain.The article concludes by suggesting a different framework for criminal investigation texts, a framework that emphasizes that investigators actually operate in an organizational setting which sets contsraints on their actions and a framework which uses a typology of investigative strategies.     

Impunity or Punishment? An Analysis of Criminal Investigation into Kidnapping,Terrorism and Embezzlement in Colombia

This paper aims to identify the variables that contribute to explain the current ability of the Colombian criminal system to resolve cases of kidnapping, terrorism and embezzlement. In order to achieve this goal a sample of cold cases and sentenced files were analysed in three main cities of the country. The success of a criminal investigation was divided into three stages: a) the identification of at least one suspect per case; b) the accusation and putting on trial of the suspect; and c) his/her conviction. Econometric techniques were used to identify the criminal investigation variables associated to each of the three successes. Variables such as the evidence and investigative practices used by the judicial police, the attorneys and the courts were taken into account. The results of this study have important implications for criminal investigation and crime policy in Colombia and in the region.     

诱惑侦查在毒品犯罪侦查中的合法性判断

诱惑侦查手段在犯罪侦查中存在合法性不足的问题,在实践中的运行处于封闭状态,不符合侦查法治化原则。学界对诱惑侦查合法性界定的"两分法"标准存在缺陷,不能合理地解决诱惑侦查手段在毒品犯罪侦查中的合法性及被告人的刑事责任问题,对诱惑侦查合法性标准实行"三分法",可以较好弥补"两分法"标准的不足。最后以"数量引诱"和"打预谋"侦查方法为例,分析其合法性及其刑事责任。     

职务犯罪侦查权配置研究

侦查权的配置是刑事诉讼法对刑事立案管辖的划分,关系到侦查机关的权限和分工,配置得好坏关系到刑法能否正确、全面的贯彻和实施。现行职务犯罪侦查权配置方面存在问题,应将职务犯罪侦查权划归统一检察机关行使、检察机关应将所拥有侦查权也划归一个部门统一行使,达到有利于整合侦查资源,有利于提高侦查水平,体现职务犯罪侦查的完整性和统一性。     

法治视野中的刑事案件立案程序——以公安机关为视角的考证

刑事立案程序是刑事诉讼的启动程序和开展刑事侦查的必经程序,公安机关作为刑事案件侦查的主力军,其立案、侦查职权具有专属性和排他性,但是,公安机关在侦办刑事案件中的立案程序却存在立案标准不统一、立案标准缺失、立案与撤案法律依据相互矛盾等诸多缺憾,极易造成基层职能部门的无所适从乃至变相操作,应当从统一立案标准、加强对侦查活动的监督制约等多方面去完善侦查活动的构造,以修葺立案程序的法治化出路。     

论心理学中的“问题解决“与刑事侦查

就如何将心理学专业知识运用到刑事侦查工作之中,从两个方面进行探讨。其一是应用问题解决的知识对侦查活动的理解。其二是应用问题解决知识对侦查活动的建议。包括三点:(1)区分常规型案件伤查与疑难型案件侦查,使用最佳的问题解决策略。(2)运用4WH法探索问题空间,打开侦查思路。(3)有意识地运用假设和想象进行犯罪重建,寻找破案线索。     

刑事受案价值论

刑事案件的受理是公安机关侦查工作中的一个重要环节。然而,在侦查理论和实践中,这项工作远未受到足够的重视和关注。实践证明,刑事案件的侦破,时机把握极为重要。刑事受案作为侦查的起始,对今后侦查工作的走向影响较大,在法律程序和侦查行为中都体现出重要的价值,采取有效的措施,使刑事受案工作及时、合理、高效,对侦查工作有重要意义。     

论刑事立案前的初查

刑事立案前的初查在我国刑事诉讼实践中被广泛应用,但我国<刑事诉讼法>对此却没有明确规定,使得初查的性质和法律地位不明确,在实践中导致了许多问题.但从应然的角度分析初查的性质和法律地位,初查实质上就是侦查性质的调查活动,属于刑事诉讼程序的范畴;因此,我国应借鉴国外的相关立法,取消立案的独立性,从立法上明确规定初查制度,以同理论和实践相吻合.     

科技侦查的兴起及其法律规制

为了有效打击各种传统和新型的犯罪,需要整合各种科技手段开展侦查工作,树立科技侦查的理念或模式。在倡导侦查执法规范化的新时期,侦查机关在运用各种科技侦查手段时,需要在法治轨道内进行,尤其要注意依法保障人权,自觉接受法律监督,实现打击犯罪与保障人权的最大平衡。一言以蔽之,倡导科技侦查,既要注重提高侦查的科学化,又要重视侦查的法治化。     

侦查适度公开原则与犯罪新闻报道

犯罪侦查活动的有效开展离不开群众的参与,而长期形成的保密制度使侦查程序往往是在"屏蔽"指挥的谋略下进行,虽能避免一些法外因素的干扰,但其封闭性也滋生出诸多负面效应。确立侦查适度公开原则,允许新闻媒体对犯罪信息进行恰当报道,不仅有利于破获案件和收集证据,还能在强化公民知情权的同时监督侦查活动的合法进行。     

侦查行为与尊严

侦查权力与人的尊严有直接的宪政勾连。侦查行为以手段、对象为标准可以大致上区分为具体侦查行为和抽象侦查行为。这两种侦查行为及其下级子行为都与尊严有具体的直接关系。制度上设置司法审查,人心上践行儒家“忠恕之道”,通过制度与人心的互动,才能充分保障侦查程序中人的尊严。     

论犯罪现场重建理论的价值

现场重建理论体现出深刻的技术理性,引入与借鉴现场重建理论对增强我国侦查工作和侦查理论的科学性,乃至促进刑事司法改革都具有重要意义。要确认现场重建理论的价值,需要我们对传统的办案方式和侦查学理论进行深刻的理性自醒,并从刑事司法改革的高度予以审视。     

Human trafficking and criminal investigation strategies in the Amsterdam Red Light District

The subject of human trafficking has recently received a lot of attention from society and the world of politics. The criminal-law approach to human trafficking has also been placed high on the agenda of law enforcers. Human trafficking is, however, a complex crime with several specific characteristics. For example, there is often a complex relationship between victims and perpetrators of human trafficking and victims are often too afraid to file a report. How do the police and the judicial authorities work in the investigation of human trafficking in view of the specific characteristics of human trafficking? What choices are made in practice and what different police investigative strategies can be distinguished? What opportunities and risks are inherent in the choices made? In this article we answer these questions on the basis of four large scale police investigations into human trafficking that we studied closely. The four criminal cases all focused on violent groups of human traffickers that operated in the Amsterdam window prostitution. All criminal cases have since been concluded (in first instance). It turned out that in each of the four investigations the relevant police team applied a different investigative strategy: one investigation focused primarily on the victim statements, one investigation focused on public nuisance, one investigation focused on the evidence against the criminal organisation and one investigation focused on the offences (evidence concerning the exploitation of prostitutes). In this article we compare the four strategies applied and consider the consequences of each strategy for the course of the investigation and the criminal prosecution and what dilemma’s are faced in each strategy. Although the various investigations cannot be easily compared and a uniform ‘best’ strategy cannot be designated, the comparison does show that some choices or decisions entail great opportunities or great risks as regards the successful investigation and prosecution of human trafficking. It concerns, for example, the choice of involving local investigative services (district police) or the choice for short-term or, as the case may be, longer-running investigations.     

Bloodstain pattern analysis & Bayes: A case report

The findings from a bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) may assist in formulating or falsifying scenarios that are considered in the investigative stages of a criminal investigation. When a case proceeds to trial the bloodstain pattern expert may be asked about the relevance of their findings given scenarios that are proposed by the prosecution and defense counsel. Such opinions provided by an expert are highly relevant to police investigation or legal proceedings, but the reasoning behind the opinion or implicit assumptions made by the expert may not be transparent.A proper framework for the evaluation of forensic findings has been developed since the late twentieth century, based on the hierarchy of propositions, Bayesian reasoning and a model for case assessment and interpretation. This framework, when implemented in casework, mitigates some of the risks of cognitive biases, and makes the reasoning and scientific basis for the opinion transparent. This framework is broadly used across forensic science disciplines. In this paper we describe its application to the field of BPA using a case example from the Netherlands Forensic Institute (NFI).     

论警察战术权机制的社会适应性

警察战术权源于前苏联《犯罪侦查学》兴起过程中创造性智力成果之侦缉措施为主要内容的机制需要,其机制生成具有在计划经济时期进行侦查行动和侦缉措施时的适应性。当代中国警务在构建创新型社会过程中须认真对待警察战术权的社会适应性问题,既要选择适宜其社会稳定的警察战术权机制,也要改善适宜其机制运行的社会基础,因而实践中应正确认识警察战术权的私权属性、公法调整及其保护强弱等问题。     

Teaching criminal investigation: A critical thinking approach

The purpose of this paper is to explore the “critical thinking” approach to teaching and develop those concepts into meaningful instructional activities in the classroom. The authors offer practical suggestions based on the critical thinking philosophy for implementing an active learning approach. The case study method serves as the foundation for an investigative process course and lead-up activity to the simulated preliminary and follow-up investigation. The instructor presents the critical thinking process and content information that enables students to perform five basic progressions: (1) case studies; (2) the preliminary investigation; (3) follow-up; (4) suppression hearing; and (5) moot court criminal justice simulations.     

In Search of Indicators of Detective Aptitude: Police Recruits’ Logical Reasoning and Ability to Generate Investigative Hypotheses

Previous psychological research on criminal investigation has not systematically addressed the role of deductive and inductive reasoning skills in decision-making in detectives. This study examined the relationship between these skills derived from a cognitive ability test used for police recruitment and test scores from an investigative reasoning skills task (Fahsing and Ask 2016). Newly recruited students at the Norwegian Police University College (N = 166) were presented with two semi-fictitious missing-person cases and were asked to report all relevant hypotheses and necessary investigative actions in each case. The quality of participants’ responses was gauged by comparison with a gold standard established by a panel of senior police experts. The scores from the deductive and inductive reasoning test were not related to participants’ performance on the investigative reasoning task. However, the presence or absence of an investigative “tipping-point” (i.e. arrest decision) in the two cases was systematically associated with participants’ ability to generate investigative hypotheses. Methodological limitations and implications for police recruitment and criminal investigative practice are discussed.     

科学发展观与职务犯罪侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的人权保障

在职务犯罪的侦查阶段,由于侦查机关掌握法律赋予的广泛而强大的权力,而犯罪嫌疑人只是消极的被追诉方,双方的力量相差悬殊,因此,侦查机关的侦查活动必然涉及到对犯罪嫌疑人人身自由、个人隐私以及各种财产权利的限制与剥夺,两者的权利必然发生碰撞,犯罪嫌疑人的个人权利必然会受到侵犯。检察工作必须始终贯彻科学发展观,落实到职务犯罪侦查中,就是要正确处理好惩治犯罪与保障人权的关系。结合现行法律和司法实践,笔者封存在侵犯犯罪嫌疑人人权的问题以及原因进行分析。同时。笔者认为应从法律本土化、地方性知识的角度出发,从转变侦查观念、完善立法、转变侦查模式、强化监督四个方面入手,对职务犯罪侦查阶段犯罪嫌疑人的人权进行保障。