财政活动公开是推进廉政建设的基础

腐败与我国的财政活动关系密切，只有公开财政活动，才能监督财政活动。廉政建设是大工程。财政活动公开是大工程的基础。本文对财政活动进行广义的定义，阐明了财政活动公开在推进廉政建设中的基础地位、财政活动公开的有效方式及财政活动公开的基本要求和内容，旨在从财政活动公开方面寻找反腐倡廉的新途径。     

Routine Activities and Deviant Behaviors: American, Dutch, Hungarian, and Swiss Youth

The current investigation examined cross-national similarities and differences in routine activities, measures of deviance, and their relationship in representative samples of 7,000 adolescents aged 1519 years (mean age: 17.5 years) from Hungary, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United States. For the majority of youth, most of their time was spent in solitary activities, followed by peer activities, community/sports activities, and family activities; Hungarian youth reported spending a much greater amount of time with the family than adolescents from other countries, while Dutch youth spent far more time in solitary activities than their peers. Rates of total deviance were remarkably similar for American, Dutch, and Swiss youth; Hungarian youth reported substantially lower rates than all other adolescents. Finally, findings indicated that routine activities accounted for 18% for males and 16% for females of the variance explained in total deviance. Furthermore, with the exceptions of alcohol and drug use, country had very little or no explanatory power in deviance. The current study suggests that the utility and the explanatory power of the routine activities framework replicates across national boundaries.     

Reciprocal Effects of Victimization and Routine Activities

Although there is much research on the relationship between routine activities and victimization, we have little knowledge about the reciprocal effects of victimization and routine activities. The current paper is framed within the Once Bitten Twice Shy perspective proposed by Hindelang et al. (Victims of personal crime: an empirical foundation for a theory of personal victimization. Ballinger, Cambridge, 1978) which argues that victimization decreases risky routine activities and that this in turn decreases the risk of victimization. The current paper tests these propositions by using longitudinal data from the National Crime Victimization Survey, which allows us to tease out victimization and routine activities over time. Both violent and household victimization are examined. Variables pertaining to how often respondents go out for shopping, how often they go away at night and whether they have household devices are used as indicators for routine activities. Results indicate that the reciprocal effects of victimization and routine activities are limited. Consequences for routine activities theory are discussed.     

非法集资活动规制研究

非法集资活动近年来越演越烈,是对非法集资的打击力度仍然不够,还是处理方式有问题?研究发现,现有对非法集资的处理制度不能准确界定非法集资活动,无法明确区分一般的商业交易行为与集资行为;同时,以非法吸收或者变相吸收公众存款定性和处理非法集资行为,实际是以间接融资手段处理了所有直接融资问题,不符合法律解释的逻辑,不能实现保护投资者的公共目标,也无法为民间融资的合法化预留空间。本文建议将更多非法集资活动划入直接融资监管领域,从而既符合法律本身的逻辑,也符合金融实践的现实。为了实现这一建议,需要扩大《证券法》的适用范围,扩大对证券的定义,从而使其能够应对现实中花样翻新的各类集资活动。     

卫生监督中违法行为数事形态与处断实证研究(上)

在卫生监督中,对违法行为的连续与继续、牵连与吸收等行为形态的认定与处断,既欠缺明文规则,也未形成可有效指导实务的通说,类似违法行为处断各异给卫生行政处罚法律适用带来了困难.本文以卫生监督中该类典型违法行为形态为例,对其事数认定和处断进行实证分析.     

Making a Good Impression: Resource Allocation,Home Styles,and Washington Work

Members of Congress engage in a variety of representational activities, but existing research suggests that the effect of these activities on reelection margins is mixed. Reframing the question, we examined whether or not constituents notice the home styles of members and members' efforts to communicate their activities through the allocation of official resources. Combining new data on members' office expenditures with data from the American National Election Studies, we found evidence that constituents perceive the representational activities of their members in a meaningful fashion. Franking, office expenditures, and travel back home to the district provide positive benefits to incumbents, shaping how constituents view these members and their activities.     

Structured Community Activities and Moral Engagement as Deterrents to Youth Violence: a Mediation Analysis

This study assessed whether youth involvement in structured community activities (scouting, team sports, volunteer work, and church-related endeavors) and a morally engaged belief system deterred future aggressive behavior in 1170 male delinquents. It was hypothesized that moral engagement would mediate the relationship between involvement in structured community activities and aggression but involvement in structured community activities would not mediate the relationship between moral engagement and aggression. A three-wave path analysis, in which structured community activities and moral engagement were cross-lagged at Waves 0 (baseline) and 1 and correlated with aggression at Wave 2, provided support for this hypothesis. Results showed that involvement in structured community activities encouraged moral engagement, which, in turn, inhibited aggressive behavior. Consistent with previous research, a social cognitive factor (moral engagement) did a significantly better job of mediating behavior (involvement in structured community activities) than behavior did of mediating a social cognitive factor.     

Inventing and patenting activities of scientists: in the expectation of money or reputation?

We propose that scientists use patents/invention disclosures as signals to gain reputation than financial benefits. Based on a newly created dataset on the commercial activities among 2,500 scientists affiliated with 67 institutes of the German Max Planck Society, we explore the relation between the expectations of scientists concerning the outcomes of commercial activities and the likelihood of their patenting and disclosure behaviors. We find that expectation of gaining financial benefits are not related with the patenting activities of scientists without industrial cooperation. Instead, their expectation to gain/increase reputation through commercial activities is correlated with their patenting and disclosures activities. This may in turn also increase the possibility to gain academic promotion, financial benefits through industrial collaboration etc., rather than the immediate personal financial gains.     

Inter-Agency Cooperation to Raise Awareness on Human Trafficking in Vietnam: Good Practices and Challenges

Awareness-raising tactics are arguably the first priority in the prevention strategies in Vietnam at present. Awareness-raising campaigns are implemented through two kinds of communication methods: community-based activities and mass media. Although anti-trafficking activities in Vietnam have achieved some successful results, recent evidence suggests that a lack of clear progress in the areas of trafficking awareness-raising still remains. The quality and extent of collaboration between authorised agencies are key factors in anti-trafficking activities, including raising awareness on human trafficking. However, to date, there has been no systematic research on inter-agency cooperation in awareness-raising activities in Vietnam. This paper first reviews the nature of human trafficking and legal framework on raising trafficking awareness in Vietnam. The paper then presents successes and challenges of current inter-agency collaborative activities undertaken to implement the awareness-raising strategies.     

The revival of the Honourable Merchant? Analysing private forest governance at firm level

In the context of global climate governance, multinational corporations (MNCs) are increasingly seen as financial, technical and political partners. Looking at MNCs with core business activities linked to deforestation, this article analyses private governance activities focused on sustainability that occur at firm level. These activities include newly enacted, concrete policies and activities aimed at climate protection, such as the concept of carbon insetting. The current body of the literature on global governance focuses largely on collective action, with activities at firm level still under-researched and under-conceptualized. To better understand (a) what drives MNCs to undertake such activities and (b) why their performance differs both within and between industry sectors, three motives are proposed—preventing reputational damage, building resilience and assuming ethical responsibility—with the latter indicating a revival of the Honourable Merchant, an economic role model created in the early 16th century. The empirical analysis is, therefore, embedded in a theoretical framework that seeks to capture the complexity of corporate rationality.     

Technology proximity between firms and universities and technology transfer

This paper investigates the technological orientation of firms and universities and their propensity to have knowledge and technology transfer (KTT) activities. This study looks at the technological potential for KTT and how it is used, emphasizing differences between smaller and larger firms. To this end we collected information about the technology activities of firms (patent statistics) and the technology activities of universities. Furthermore, we used survey data on technology transfer activities. We combined the three datasets and found??especially for smaller firms??that great technology proximity fosters transfer activities with different universities (case 1). The same is true if proximity is low and expertise is considerable at universities in the respective technology field (case 2). In both cases additional transfer potential exists. In the second case firms engage in transfer activities in order to update and modify their knowledge base and as a consequence improve ??competitiveness?? in certain technology fields. Furthermore, firms show a tendency to diversify their contacts with universities in order to avoid knowledge lock-in.     

Do specific forms of university-industry knowledge transfer have different impacts on the performance of private enterprises? An empirical analysis based on Swiss firm data

This study investigates the impact of a wide spectrum of Knowledge and Technology Transfer (KTT) activities (educational and research activities, activities related with technical infrastructure, and consulting) on two innovation indicators (a) in the framework of an innovation equation with variables for specific forms of KTT activities as additional determinants of innovation, and (b) based on a matched-pairs analysis for several specific forms of KTT activities. The data used in the study were collected by means of a survey of Swiss enterprises that took place at the beginning of 2005. We found that research and educational activities improve the innovation performance of firms in terms of sales of considerably modified products, research activities in addition also in terms of sales of new products. This could be shown by several methods: the innovation equation approach with instrument variables for specific forms of KTT activities as well as two matching methods.

证券跨境交易的监管模式研究

经济全球化是当今世界经济活动的主旋律。作为经济全球化重要组成部分的证券市场也日益国际化。证券市场的国际化一方面为全球资本实现了跨国境的自由融通,促进了世界经济的发展,另一方面又为证券跨国从事各种不法行为提供了广阔的便利空间。针对证券跨境交易的不法行为,现行有效的监管模式应该是:在强化单边法律监管的同时,积极参与国际监管的协调。     

民国时期土匪恐怖活动研究

土匪恐怖活动分析是一个非常复杂的问题，民国时期的土匪是中国社会转型的一个畸形产物，其活动范围之大，地域分布之辽阔，人数规模之多，危害性甚重都是空前绝后的。造成这种情况，因素和条件多种多样，细细的考察对于现代恐怖活动研究有很大的益处。     

家兔玻璃体液2种酶活性变化与死亡时间的相关性

目的探讨死后家兔玻璃体液胆碱脂酶(CHE)和谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性与死后经过时间(PM I)的相关性。方法应用光度法检测在25~30℃和10~15℃下死后即刻至54h之间玻璃体液CHE和GOT活性。结果死后即刻至54h之间,ChE、GOT活性分别由约850U/L、220U/L逐步降解趋于零。死后6h内,两种酶活性降解存在平台期。统计分析,得出相应的单元和多元回归方程,相关系数或决定系数均在0.896以上,P<0.01。结论两种酶活性的降解规律可作为较为客观的推断PM I的参考指标。     

企业家技术创新力的经济学分析

企业的技术创新活动是在企业家（企业经营者）的领导、推动下进行的。企业的技术创新能力与企业家的创新能力和创新动力有密切关系,它们的整合构成了企业家的创新力。从经济学的角度看,企业家从事创新活动的动力来自创新活动对于企业家的效用,即他在创新活动中得到的收益与付出的成本之差。因此,增加企业家的创新收益,减少其创新成本是提高他们的技术创新力的基本方法。     

刑事司法中的规范创制行为及其规制——以审判中心主义为视角

审判中心主义的确立是一个系统工程,纠正程序法层面上的侦查中心主义确属必要,但是在公安司法机关的“规范创制活动”中也存在一种侦查中心主义的倾向,值得警惕。公安司法机关的规范创制活动在诸多方面掣肘了法官的个案解释活动,造成了庭审虚化,背离了审判中心主义的要求。国家应在规范创制活动的权力配置、审查方式等方面加以改革,以实现法制统一和个案公正的有效衔接,保证审判中心主义的全方位确立。     

Community supervision,prosocial activities,and recidivism

Research studying the relationship between intensity of community supervision and recidivism leads to two possible conclusions: (1) there is no consistent relationship, or (2) the relationship is indirect. In this paper we consider a theoretical model that is consistent with the latter possibility. Increased intensity of supervision is hypothesized to increase involvement in conventional and therapeutic activities; this, in turn, should be associated with a reduction in future offending. We examined the viability of this connection using data from four states, and drew the following conclusions: (1) intensity of supervision is associated positively with involvement in prosocial activities; (2) intensity of supervision is not associated consistently with involvement in new criminal activities; and (3) an inverse association exists between involvement in prosocial activities and involvement in new criminal activities after adjusting for measured factors that are thought to affect both outcomes.     

论单方面石油活动在海洋划界中的意义

争端当事国的单方面石油活动要想成为海洋划界的考虑因素,必须通过其单方面石油活动证明存在临时协议、默认、明示或默示协议.由于临时协议仅具有历史意义,而明示协议在实践中又不可能出现,那么只能寄希望于默认和默示协议.主张默认或默示协议的当事国,负有很高的举证责任,而成功的先例更是寥寥无几.其他声索国在南沙群岛附近海域非法实施的单方面石油活动,一直为中国政府所反对,自然不能作为日后海洋划界的考虑因素.     

Routine activities and victimization at school: the significance of gender

Routine activities theory has not fully considered the role of gender in shaping victimization and yet, the research literature clearly demonstrates that gender is associated with an individual's risk of victimization. In addition to the pervasive effect of gender on victimization, gender shapes an individual's daily routines and thus may create a gender-specific relationship with victimization. This article explores the importance of gender in understanding the relationship between student's participation in extracurricular routine activities (e.g., student government, clubs, sports, and etc.) and the risk of victimization. From the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, a sample of 10th-grade students was drawn for analyses. Hierarchical Generalized Linear Modeling was employed to explore the role of gender in the relationship between extracurricular routine activities and victimization at school. The results reveal that students' gender indeed interacts with several of the extracurricular routine activities creating gender-specific risks of victimization. This article highlights the importance of gender in explaining victimization and suggests researchers should consider how gender may interact with other routine activities and victimization.