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1.
Pedro Pechorro Rissélice Lima Mário R. Simões Matt DeLisi 《The journal of forensic psychiatry & psychology》2019,30(1):1-16
Self-Report Delinquency scales have formed the basis of much understanding of juvenile delinquency today, but further improvement and extensive measurement research on self-report measures of crime are needed. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the shorter general delinquency scale version of the classic commonly used Self-Report of Delinquency (SRD) measure created for the original National Youth Survey (NYS) using a sample (N = 412) of male (n = 200) and female (n = 212) at-risk Portuguese youths. The shorter version of the SRD demonstrated satisfactory validity and reliability, namely in terms of its latent one-factor structure, internal consistency, convergent validity, divergent validity, concurrent criterion validity and discriminant groups validity that overall justifies its use among this population. The shorter general delinquency scale version of the SRD is a valid and reliable measure from a modern psychometric perspective that can be used with at-risk youths. 相似文献
2.
Pedro Pechorro Matt DeLisi James V. Ray Isabel Alberto Mário R. Simões 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2013,19(10):977-991
ABSTRACTThe development and validation of empirically sound measures that operationalize the Triarchic model of psychopathy among youth is currently in the nascent stage. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of a brief refined measure of the Triarchic model of psychopathy based on the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI-Tri-S) among a mixed-gender school sample of 782 youth (M?=?15.87 years, SD?=?1.72) from Portugal. Confirmatory factor analysis offered support for the theoretically expected three-factor structure. Cross-gender measurement invariance using the present sample and cross-sample measurement invariance of the YPI-Tri-S using a previously collected forensic sample of institutionalized males was established. The YPI-Tri-S showed adequate psychometric properties in terms of discriminant validity, convergent validity, concurrent criterion-related validity, known-groups validity, and internal consistency. Findings indicate that YPI-Tri-S is a valuable brief and psychometrically reliable and valid self-report measure of the Triarchic model of psychopathy for use in diverse samples of youth. 相似文献
3.
Ancestry Assessment Using Random Forest Modeling, , 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Joseph T. Hefner Ph.D. M. Kate Spradley Ph.D. Bruce Anderson Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2014,59(3):583-589
A skeletal assessment of ancestry relies on morphoscopic traits and skeletal measurements. Using a sample of American Black (n = 38), American White (n = 39), and Southwest Hispanics (n = 72), the present study investigates whether these data provide similar biological information and combines both data types into a single classification using a random forest model (RFM). Our results indicate that both data types provide similar information concerning the relationships among population groups. Also, by combining both in an RFM, the correct allocation of ancestry for an unknown cranium increases. The distribution of cross‐validated grouped cases correctly classified using discriminant analyses and RFMs ranges between 75.4% (discriminant function analysis, morphoscopic data only) and 89.6% (RFM). Unlike the traditional, experience‐based approach using morphoscopic traits, the inclusion of both data types in a single analysis is a quantifiable approach accounting for more variation within and between groups, reducing misclassification rates, and capturing aspects of cranial shape, size, and morphology. 相似文献
4.
5.
Silvija Ručević 《Law and human behavior》2010,34(5):379-391
The current study investigated the association of psychopathic traits with violent and non-violent delinquency, delinquency
versatility, and risky sexual behavior in Croatian sample of non-referred boys (n = 226) and girls (n = 480). Psychopathic traits were measured by the self-report Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory (YPI). Consistent with the
study’s hypotheses, Impulsive-Irresponsible and Callous-Unemotional dimensions were most consistently associated with all
outcome measures. Results of the regression analyses showed that the Impulsive-Irresponsible behavioral style had stronger
association with non-violent delinquency and delinquency versatility for boys. However, the Impulsive-Irresponsible dimension
had stronger influence on risky sexual behavior for girls compared with boys. The results of a two-group confirmatory factor
analysis revealed that the three-factor model of the YPI was invariant across gender. 相似文献
6.
Rogers R Hazelwood LL Sewell KW Blackwood HL Rogstad JE Harrison KS 《Law and human behavior》2009,33(5):381-392
Miranda vocabulary forms the essential foundation for Miranda comprehension and subsequent decisions to exercise or waive
Miranda rights. The purpose of the current study is the development of the Miranda Vocabulary Scale (MVS), designed to evaluate
key vocabulary words found in Miranda warnings and waivers across American jurisdictions. A preliminary list of MVS words
was refined by expert ratings and by each word’s discriminability between failed and good Miranda comprehension. Miranda and
other measures were collected at multiple sites on 376 pretrial defendants. With further refinements, the MVS is composed
of 36 words with excellent scale homogeneity and interrater reliability (r = .99). It also demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity for cognitive abilities and psychological impairment. 相似文献
7.
Kevin D. Wahl Nancy Ryba Panza Trevor F. Hyde 《The journal of forensic psychiatry & psychology》2018,29(3):483-497
The Inventory of Legal Knowledge (ILK) is an instrument designed to detect feigning of competency-specific knowledge deficits. Available studies have suggested the ILK may require modification of its cut score to more accurately classify those who are feigning. In this study, the ILK’s concurrent validity and cut scores were tested using 100 college students in a simulation design. Students were randomly assigned to fake (n = 50) or honest (n = 50) groups. Those assigned to the faking group had significantly lower ILK scores than individuals responding honestly with a large effect size between the groups. Despite some promising results, utility estimates indicated an unacceptable level of false positives using the recommended cut score. Tentative recommendations are made in order to improve the efficacy of the ILK in detecting feigning legal knowledge. 相似文献
8.
Pedro Pechorro Brittany Gentile James V. Ray Cristina Nunes Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2016,22(5):495-511
The aim of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) and two of its short forms (NPI-16 and NPI-13) among a Portuguese sample of male incarcerated juvenile offenders (N?=?221). Of these, only the NPI-13 short version demonstrated a good fit in terms of its factor structure. The NPI-13 also showed promising psychometric properties in terms of its internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity. Statistically significant associations were found with age of crime onset, crime seriousness, conduct disorder symptoms, alcohol abuse, and cannabis use. These findings justify the use of the NPI-13, especially its Entitlement/Exploitativeness dimension, among incarcerated male youths. 相似文献
9.
Suchey–Brooks method has been studied many times with varying reports of accuracy and reliability. A systematic review and meta-analyses were utilized to quantitatively determine the accuracy and reliability of the Suchey–Brooks (S-B) method. A systematic search of PubMed and EBSCO health and medical databases was performed. Meta-analyses were performed to quantify the relationship between actual known age at death and the S-B method using Spearman's Rho and Pearson's r for (1) combined males and females estimates, (2) male-only estimates, and (3) female-only estimates. Overall correlation coefficient using Cohen's kappa, Spearman's Rho, and Pearson's r was also calculated to determine the interrater and intrarater reliability using the S-B method. Eighteen studies classified as moderate-to-high methodological quality met the inclusion criteria. The sample sizes were different for the combined male and female (n = 2620), male-only (n = 2602), and female-only (n = 1431) meta-analyses. The effect size of the age at death meta-analyses was large and significant for combined males and females (Spearman's Rho = 0.62; Pearson's r = 0.65), male-only (Spearman's Rho = 0.77; Pearson's r = 0.75), and female-only (Spearman's Rho = 0.71; Pearson's r = 0.71). The overall correlation coefficients of the interrater (Kappa = 0.76; Spearman's Rho = 0.73; Pearson's r = 0.80) and intrarater (Kappa = 0.81; Spearman's Rho = 0.91; Pearson's r = 0.83) reliability meta-analyses were large and significant. A significant degree of heterogeneity was present in all meta-analyses, with minimal evidence of publication bias. The meta-analyses results suggest the S-B method is highly reliable with a moderate-to-high degree of accuracy. Our results also identified sample size and accuracy differences between male and female individuals. 相似文献
10.
Pedro Pechorro James V. Ray Christopher P. Salas-Wright João Maroco Rui Abrunhosa Gonçalves 《心理学、犯罪与法律》2013,19(7):699-714
The main aim of the present study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Basic Empathy Scale (BES) and of its adapted short version among a forensic sample of incarcerated male juvenile offenders (N = 221). The Portuguese validations of the BES and its adapted short version demonstrated good psychometric properties, namely in terms of the two-factor structure, internal consistency, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and concurrent validity that generally justifies its use among this population. Statistically significant associations were found with callous–unemotional traits and social anxiety. Findings are discussed in terms of the use of the BES and its adapted short version with juvenile offenders. 相似文献
11.
Sara Skott M.Res. Eric Beauregard Ph.D. Rajan Darjee M.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2019,64(1):154-162
Research on female sexual homicide has been very scarce. In Europe, it has rarely been examined, and in Scotland, it has never previously been studied. This exploratory study aims to examine the characteristics of sexual homicides involving female offenders between 1990 and 2015 in Scotland. Using data from the Scottish Homicide Database between 1990 and 2015, female sexual homicides (n = 7) were compared to nonsexual homicides committed by females (n = 106) and to sexual homicides committed by men (n = 89) using Fisher's exact tests. The findings show that although female sexual homicide offenders are similar to both female nonsexual homicide offenders and male sexual homicide offenders in certain aspects, there are important differences that distinguish sexual homicides involving female offenders from both groups. Female sexual homicide offenders can arguably be seen as a distinct group of offenders, with specific characteristics and specific needs. 相似文献
12.
Stephanie Hartley Allysha Powanda Winburn Itiel E. Dror 《Journal of forensic sciences》2022,67(1):68-79
Subjective decisions make human cognitive processes more susceptible to bias and error. Specifically, research indicates that additional context biases forensic anthropologists’ morphological analyses. To address whether metric analyses are also subject to bias, we conducted a pilot study in which 52 experienced osteologists measured a difficult-to-classify human femur, with or without additional contextual information. Using a metric sectioning-point sex-estimation method, participants provided a sex estimate for individual skeletal element(s) and, when given multiple elements, the combined skeletal assemblage. Control group participants (n = 24) measured only the femur. In addition to the femur, bias group participants (n = 28) either measured a female humerus and viewed a female-biasing photograph (n = 14) or measured a male humerus and viewed a male-biasing photograph (n = 14). We explored whether the experts in the different groups would differ in: (1) femoral measurements; (2) femoral sex-estimation conclusions; and (3) final sex-estimation conclusions for the skeletal assemblage. Although the femoral measurements and femoral sex estimates were comparable across groups, the overall sex estimates in the female-biased group were impacted by contextual information—differing from both the control and male-biased groups (p < 0.001). Our results demonstrate that cognitive bias can occur even in metric sex-estimation conclusions. Specifically, this occurred when the metric data and single-element sex estimates were synthesized into an overall estimate. Thus, our results suggest that metric methods are most vulnerable to bias when data are synthesized into an overall conclusion, highlighting the need for bias countermeasures and comprehensive statistical frameworks for synthesizing metric data to mitigate the effects of cognitive bias. 相似文献
13.
The Optimized Summed Scored Attributes Method for the Classification of U.S. Blacks and Whites: A Validation Study 下载免费PDF全文
Michael W. Kenyhercz Ph.D. Alexandra R. Klales Ph.D. Christopher W. Rainwater M.S. Sara M. Fredette B.S 《Journal of forensic sciences》2017,62(1):174-180
Recently, Hefner and Ousley (2014) introduced the optimized summed scored attributes (OSSA) method that maximizes between‐group differences in U.S. black and white populations by dichotomizing six cranial morphoscopic trait scores. This study tests OSSA using an independent skeletal sample (Hamann‐Todd, n = 208) and positively identified forensic cases (Mercyhurst University, n = 28, and New York City Office of Chief Medical Examiner, n = 38). An evaluation of trait frequencies suggests shifting the heuristically selected sectioning point separating U.S. black and white populations from ≤ 3 to ≤ 4. We found a total correct classification of 73.0% (B = 50.9%, W = 89.2%) using the originally suggested sectioning point of ≤3, while the total correct classification increases to 79.2% (B = 80.2%, W = 78.5%) with a modified sectioning point of ≤4. With the increased total correct classification and reduced classification bias between ancestry groups, we suggest the modified sectioning point of ≤4 be used when assessing ancestry in forensic unknowns. 相似文献
14.
Although control has long been considered central to understanding intimate partner violence (IPV), there continues to be
a notable lack of validated scales measuring control (e.g., Strauchler et al. Journal of Family Violence, 19(6), 339–354, 2004). The purpose of this study was to develop and empirically validate a brief assessment tool, the Intimate Partner Violence Control Scale (IPVCS), designed to measure control in the context of IPV. Data from a sample of male undergraduate and graduate students
(n = 436) were used to examine the scale’s properties. After reviewing theoretical conceptualizations and measurement issues
of control, psychometric properties of the IPVCS and results of exploratory hypotheses tests are presented. The availability
of a brief and reliable measure of control offers a tool for professionals in the judicial system, for IPV victims’ advocates,
and for human services workers in practice settings to adequately assess for control and fills a gap in this area of research
and practice. 相似文献
15.
Jun Ai Chong B.D.S. M.F.D.S. R.C.S.Ed. Alizae Marny Fadzlin Syed Mohamed B.D.S. M.Sc. M.Orth.R.C.S. Murshida Marizan Nor D.D.S. M.Sc.D. M.Orth.R.C.S. Allan Pau B.D.S. M.Sc. Ph.D. F.D.S. R.C.S.Ed. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2020,65(6):2000-2007
Although there is clinical applicability of the palatal rugae as an identification tool in forensic odontology, controversy exists whether the palatal rugae patterns are stable or variable. The greater the genetic component, the higher the probability that palatal rugae patterns are stable. The aim of this study was to compare the palatal rugae morphology between full siblings and the proportion of variability due to genetic component. This cross-sectional study was conducted on digital models of 162 siblings aged 15–30 years old. The palatal rugae patterns were assessed with Thomas and Kotze (1983) classification using Geomagic Studio software (3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC). The palatal rugae morphology between siblings showed significantly similar characteristics for total number of left rugae (p = 0.001), left primary rugae (p = 0.017), secondary rugae for right (p = 0.024) and left sides (p = 0.001), right straight rugae (p = 0.010), and right convergent rugae (p = 0.005) accounting for at least 6.25%-12.8% of the variability due to heredity. Despite the similarities found, the palatal rugae patterns showed significant differences between siblings of at least 46.9% (p = 0.001). Zero heritability was found in 9 of the 14 rugae patterns. Meanwhile, total number of rugae, primary, backward, and convergent rugae showed moderate heritability (h2 > 0.3) and total number of secondary rugae showed high heritability (h2 > 0.6). In conclusion, despite the individuality characteristics, an appreciable hereditary component is observed with significant similarities found between sibling pairs and the palatal rugae patterns were both environmentally and genetically influenced. 相似文献
16.
Susan Iyican Johannah M. Sommer Sheetal Kini 《The journal of forensic psychiatry & psychology》2015,26(4):476-492
Psychopathy is a personality syndrome comprised of interpersonal, affective, and behavioral features that has emerged as a correlate of intimate partner violence perpetration. One commonly used self-report measure of psychopathy is the Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Short Form (PPI-SF). The current study employed a multi-trait, multi-method approach to test convergent and discriminant validity of the measure in partner-violent couples by comparing males’ self-report of psychopathy to the informant report of their female partner (N = 114). It was hypothesized that the female partner report of the male’s psychopathy would be highly correlated with the male report of his own psychopathy, thus providing evidence for the construct validity and interrater reliability of the PPI-SF. Analyses found that male and female reports were correlated significantly on the two major factors of the PPI-SF. Furthermore, the female report explained a significant amount of variance over and above men’s self-report on PAI scales designed to indicate antisocial personality traits. 相似文献
17.
Joseph T. Hefner Ph.D. Marin A. Pilloud Ph.D. Cullen J. Black M.Sc. Bruce E. Anderson Ph.D. 《Journal of forensic sciences》2015,60(5):1135-1139
This study evaluates population variation of eight cranial morphoscopic traits using samples of known southwest Hispanics (n = 72), Guatemalans (n = 106), American Blacks (n = 146), and American Whites (n = 218). We applied the support vector machine (SVM) method to build a prediction model based on a subsample (20%) of the data; the remainder of the data was used as a test sample. The SVM approach effectively differentiated between the four groups with correct classification rates between 72% (Guatemalan group) and 94% (American Black group). However, when the Guatemalan and southwest Hispanic samples were pooled, the same model correctly classified all groups with a higher degree of accuracy (American Black = 96%; American White = 77%; and the pooled Hispanic sample = 91%). This study also identified significant differences between the two Hispanic groups in six of the eight traits using univariate statistical tests. These results speak to the unique population histories of these samples and the current use of the term “Hispanic” within forensic anthropology. Finally, we argue that the SVM can be used as a classification model for ancestry estimation in a forensic context and as a diagnostic tool may broaden the application of morphoscopic trait data for the assessment of ancestry. 相似文献
18.
Matt DeLisi PhD David J. Peters PhD Andy Hochstetler PhD H. Daniel Butler PhD Michael G. Vaughn PhD 《Journal of forensic sciences》2023,68(2):558-567
Psychopathy is an important forensic mental health construct. Despite this importance, the research base of psychopathy among individuals convicted of capital murder is limited. Archival data were collected from a sample of 636 persons convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death in the State of California. Psychopathy was assessed using the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised (PCL-R) instrument. Data on criminal careers and other behavioral disorders were also extracted. The sample mean PCL-R total score was 23.31 (SD = 9.92) and one-third of individuals in this sample were considered clinically psychopathic with PCL-R total scores of 30 or greater. Factor analytic examination yielded support for four facets: affective, interpersonal, lifestyle, and antisocial. Criterion validity findings revealed positive correlations of psychopathy scores with Antisocial Personality Disorder (ρ = 0.72), Conduct Disorder (ρ = 0.46), sexual sadism (ρ = 0.24), Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ρ = 0.20), ADHD (ρ = 0.15), arrest charges (r = 0.56), prison sentences (r = 0.53), and age of arrest onset (r = −0.57). Individuals convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death reflect heterogeneity in psychopathy with some individuals exhibiting pronounced psychopathic features. 相似文献
19.
Pius Krütli Michael Stauffacher Dario Pedolin Corinne Moser Roland W. Scholz 《Social Justice Research》2012,25(1):79-101
Siting contested infrastructure such as repositories for nuclear waste very often faces strong local resistance. One major
reason for this opposition may arise because siting processes do not appropriately consider fairness issues such as transparency,
the availability of options, or the sufficient involvement of concerned and affected people. The aim of this study was to
analyze people’s concerns related to justice in siting nuclear waste. Besides procedural aspects, both distributive justice
and outcome valence are considered important and therefore the “total fairness model” by T?rnblom and Vermunt (Soc Justice
Res 12:39–64, 1999) was used as a framework. In three quasi-experimental studies (N
1 = 53; N
2 = 56; N
3 = 83) applying conjoint analysis, respondents ranked 11 vignettes with the three attributes procedural justice, distributional
justice, and outcome valence. Each vignette represents a realistic scenario of a site selection process for the disposal of
nuclear waste in Switzerland. All the three studies yield a consistent result: vignettes representing a situation with a fair
process are top-ranked by respondents; situations with negative outcome valence are ranked lowest; distributive issues turned
out to be of minor importance. We conclude that procedural fairness should be given more attention in any kind of contested
infrastructure siting and that real-world examples like the one discussed here can inform justice research. 相似文献
20.
Modecki KL 《Law and human behavior》2008,32(1):78-91
Over the past decade, a majority of states have legislated to expand their capacity to try adolescents as adults [Griffin
(2003). Trying and sentencing juveniles as adults: An analysis of state transfer and blended sentencing laws. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice]. In response, researchers have investigated factors that may affect
adolescent culpability [Steinberg and Scott (Am Psychol 58(12):1009–1018, 2003)]. Research on immature judgment posits that psychosocial influences on adolescent decision processes results in reduced
criminal responsibility [Cauffman and Steinberg (Behav Sci Law 18(6):741–760, 2000); Scott, Reppucci, and Woolard (Law Hum Behav 19(3):221–244, 1995); Steinberg and Cauffman (Law Hum Behav 20(3):249–272, 1996)]. The current study utilizes hypothetical vignettes and standardized measures of maturity of judgment (responsibility, temperance,
and perspective) to examine gaps in previous maturity of judgment findings (Cauffman and Steinberg 2000). This work suggests that adolescents (ages 14–17) display less responsibility and perspective relative to college students
(ages 18–21), young-adults (ages 22–27), and adults (ages 28–40). Further, this research finds no maturity of judgment differences
between delinquent and non-delinquent youth, but does find significant maturity of judgment differences between high and low
delinquency male youth. Finally, results show that maturity of judgment predicts self-reported delinquency beyond the contributions
of age, gender, race, education level, SES, and antisocial decision making. Implications for the juvenile justice system are
discussed.
This research was conducted in partial fulfillment of the M.A degree in Psychology from the University of New Hampshire. 相似文献